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Understanding Canine Compulsive Disorder

When I first noticed Shadow’s eyes staring into the pond, I thought she saw something in the water. It looked like her eyes were following fish swimming, except there were no fish in our little pond.

I looked closer to see if perhaps there were some water bugs. Then I stood back and watched my new pup. Her eyes were following the ripples, or perhaps the light sparkling off of the ripples. I watched her eyes go from fixation to glazing over into an almost trance-like state. “Oh, no,” I thought. “It can’t be!” I tried to distract her, which worked for a minute, but then she was right back at the pond, chasing the sparkles on the water. This incident confirmed my suspicions: My new dog was showing strong signs of canine compulsive disorder.

Also called compulsive behavior disorder, this is a mental health disorder “characterized by the excessive performance of repetitive behaviors that don’t serve any apparent purpose,” explains Dr. Jennifer Summerfield, a veterinarian and professional dog trainer who specializes in treating behavior problems. Common compulsive behaviors include spinning or tail chasing, licking or self-mutilation, flank sucking, chasing lights or shadows, fly snapping, or hallucinatory prey chasing/pouncing behavior. It is considered similar to obsessive-compulsive behavior (OCD) in humans.

What’s Normal Repetitive Dog Behavior?

Lots of herding dogs and other types of “high drive” dogs have what I like to call the “do it again, do it again, do it again” trait – doing behaviors over and over again. But this isn’t necessarily canine compulsive disorder.

Dr. Summerfield says that some repetitive, apparently non-functional behaviors can be perfectly benign. Many dogs spin in circles when they’re excited or will happily retrieve a ball as long as you continue to throw it. Lots of dogs will fixate on squirrels or birds in what many consider to be an obsessive manner. Dogs may also pace back and forth in the yard when they’re bored or spend a lot of time carefully licking their paws during downtime in the evening.

In contrast, “a behavior like this crosses the line and becomes a problem when it begins to interfere with other normal activities like eating and drinking, resting, playing, and being social with family members,” Dr. Summerfield says. “In many cases, it may also be difficult to distract the dog or get him to stop once he’s started to engage in the behavior.”

This was why the incident with my dog by the pond clinched my suspicions. Prior to this, I wasn’t sure if what I was seeing was simply an extremely high-energy herding-dog puppy, or one who was exhibiting signs of a serious problem. Shadow would incessantly chase her tail and sometimes would attack her rear foot as if it weren’t attached to her body. And she was in constant motion – always moving and having a difficult time settling even when she was clearly exhausted. But the fact that distracting her from these activities worked for only a few brief moments brought home that this was much more than an over-the-top puppy.

In the 20 years I’ve been working with dogs, including those who exhibit problematic behavior, I had seen compulsive behaviors to this extent only a handful of times.

Canine Compulsive Disorder in Dogs: It’s a Brain Thing

According to Dr. Summerfield, studies have shown that abnormal repetitive behaviors (including the clinical disorder of OCD in human patients) are associated with abnormalities in a particular area of the brain. These areas are called the cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical (CSTC) loop.

Essentially, this is a circuit connecting the cerebral cortex to deeper structures in the brain, those that are involved in information processing and in controlling motor function. There is a pair of complementary signaling circuits called the direct and indirect pathways that form a part of the CSTC loop. The direct pathway is involved in initiating or enhancing movement, while the indirect pathway stops or inhibits movement.

“When it comes to starting and stopping behaviors, you can think of the direct pathway as the gas pedal and the indirect pathway as the brake,” Dr. Summerfield says. “In patients with compulsive behavior disorders, these pathways are out of balance – the direct pathway becomes more active, and the indirect pathway becomes less active. As a result, the affected animal (or human patient) may get ‘stuck’ in repeated loops of behavior and have a hard time stopping what they’re doing.”

Dr. Summerfield says, “Of course, this is almost certainly not the whole story! The brain is incredibly complex. There is some evidence that different types of compulsive behaviors (spinning or tail chasing vs. licking or sucking objects vs. hallucinatory prey chasing or fly snapping, etc.) may involve slightly different mechanisms and changes in the activity of different neurotransmitters. So there’s a lot more to learn here!”

What Causes Canine Compulsive Disorder?

Studies indicate that there are likely a variety of causes and contributors to repetitive, compulsive behaviors in dogs, including medical issues. So much is still unknown, but here are some of the more widely considered causes:

Genetics

While any breed may develop a compulsive disorder, there are certain compulsive behaviors that seem to be more common to specific breeds. For example, Dobermans may have a higher risk of flank sucking, Bull Terriers are more likely to spin or tail chase, and Border Collies are more likely to stare at shadows and/or flickering lights.

Response to Stress

Animals (including dogs) that are living in situations where they cannot express normal behaviors, such as those living in kennels for long periods of time, can develop stereotypic behaviors such as pacing, circling, or spinning.

Response to Arousal or Frustration

Different from animals who are living in poor conditions or who are under stress, some repetitive behaviors seem to be triggered by extreme arousal or frustration.

Dogs who become light-obsessed after playing with laser pointers may fall into this category. The theory is that when a dog chases a laser pointer, he cannot complete the normal predatory sequence by actually catching or grabbing the “prey” in the same way he can with a ball or toy, or a real rabbit or squirrel. This can cause an excessive amount of frustration and can cause the dog to constantly search or wait for the light to appear.

Medical Problems

Sometimes repetitive behaviors are not caused by a compulsive behavior disorder, but are instead the result of a different underlying medical problem.

Spinning or tail chasing may be caused by things such as anal gland problems, pinched nerves, or spinal problems. Dogs who compulsively lick or chew at certain parts of their body may have allergies, a skin infection, orthopedic pain, or other physical sources of discomfort. Both spinning and fly snapping can be neurologic, with a variety of possible underlying causes such as brain tumors, seizure disorders, or hydrocephalus (buildup of fluid in the brain cavities).

In addition, a medical cause such as an allergy may initially trigger a behavior that then develops into a compulsive disorder; conversely, a compulsive behavior such as licking or flank sucking may cause a physical problem such as pain or an infection.

Help for Dogs Affected By Canine Compulsive Disorder

Unfortunately, the underlying cause of compulsive issues is not always easy to diagnose. This is why a trip to veterinarian or veterinary behaviorist is a good place to start.

If the veterinarian suspects medical causes, says Dr. Summerfield, then he or she may recommend diagnostic testing or imaging studies. If testing is not feasible, in some cases, a trial course of a steroid or pain medication might be used to see if there is any response. If the behavior improves on these medications, this is a strong indication that there is an underlying physical problem rather than “just” a compulsive behavior disorder.
 Helping dogs with compulsive behavior disorder live a more normal life takes a holistic approach – generally a combination of lifestyle changes, behavior modification, and medication is needed. A dog’s treatment plan might include:

1. Avoiding known triggers.

As much as possible, it is important to avoid the triggers for the compulsive behaviors. For example, for one dog avoiding triggers meant not going on walks at night when headlights flashing on fencing would trigger light chasing. Avoiding triggers may be short term until medication and/or behavior modification kick in, or it might be ongoing.

2. Interrupting and redirecting if the compulsive behavior occurs.

According to Dr. Summerfield, interrupting the behavior should always be done in a neutral manner and the dog should be redirected to some other activity.

This sounds pretty simple, but it can sometimes be very difficult to get a dog who is doing a repetitive behavior to stop. Moving the dog into another room or even crating them with a meaty bone or food-stuffed Kong can sometimes help.

3. Teaching an alternative response.

Sometimes the trigger is something that can’t be avoided, but you may be able to teach your dog to do something other than the repetitive behavior.

If your dog spins when frustrated, for example, you may have success with teaching him to run into his crate or go grab a toy instead. For a dog who is triggered by overexcitement or anxiety, teaching him to settle on a mat and then reinforcing it throughout the day so he is less overall excitable can help.

4. Creating a structured daily routine.

Because predictability lowers stress, doing specific things at set times can be very helpful for dogs who are anxious. In addition, compulsive behaviors are sometimes triggered by frustration, and routine can help eliminate frustration.

5. Increasing exercise.

Increasing exercise may help, especially if the repetitive behavior issues stem from boredom or frustration. Exercise also increases serotonin and other chemicals in the brain, which may provide some benefit.

6. Providing brain stimulation.

Training exercises using positive reinforcement techniques may help dogs who have anxiety that is being relieved by the compulsions.

Puzzle toys and food games may help engage a dog’s brain so that he is less likely to engage in the repetitive behavior. Giving your dog outlets for normal dog behavior, such as allowing her to sniff on walks or play with dog pals, also can help some dogs.

7. Talking with your veterinarian or a veterinary behaviorist about medication.

Many dogs with a compulsive behavior disorder will benefit from medication.

When Shadow was first diagnosed, I wanted to see if we could make headway without medication, but my veterinarian cautioned us against waiting. Compulsive behaviors tend to get worse over time, she said, and the longer the problem goes on the more difficult it is to modify. On our veterinarian’s recommendation, we started Shadow on fluoxetine (Prozac) and were amazed at the positive benefits in just a few short weeks.

Does Canine Compulsive Disorder Get Better?

Compulsive behavior disorders are tricky to diagnose, work with, and live with. “In many cases (though not always, unfortunately) the problem can be significantly improved with diligent management, training, and medication,” says Dr. Summerfield. “However, most dogs with a history of compulsive behavior issues will always have this tendency to some degree, so in most cases some degree of continued management will be needed for the life of the dog.” Dr. Summerfield says that unfortunately, even with intensive management and treatment, some dogs simply don’t get better.

The prognosis may depend on several factors, including:

  • How quickly the problem is properly identified and addressed.
  • How easy or difficult it is to resolve the underlying issue or avoid the triggers.
  • How easy or difficult it is for the dog’s people to follow the recommended behavior plan.
  • How well the dog responds to behavior medications.

Canine Compulsive Disorder Improvements Take Time

We have been very fortunate with Shadow. We identified that there was a problem quickly, and we had a great veterinary team to help us take the steps needed. Shadow responded to medication and to behavior modification, and we were able to make some lifestyle changes that helped, too. Within a few months of starting treatment, she showed signs of improvement.

Now, a little over a year later, Shadow seldom engages in compulsive behaviors, and she has become a pretty normal high-energy adolescent herding dog.

A long-time contributor to WDJ, Mardi Richmond is a dog trainer, writer, and the owner of Good Dog Santa Cruz in Santa Cruz, CA.

Special thanks to Dr. Jennifer Summerfield for her help with this article. Dr. Summerfield is the author of Train Your Dog Now! Your Instant Training Handbook, from Basic Commands to Behavior Fixes, and Dr. Jen’s Dog Blog.

What is Mange in Dogs?

There may be no other canine malady that seems to inspire as much misinformation as canine “mange.” Internet searches often return pages that blame it on lice (wrong) as often as mites (right). Ask an older person about it and he may tell you to use a dangerous and ineffective treatment such as dousing the poor dog in used motor oil (a great way to sicken or even kill the dog). But the condition isn’t a mystery, and its treatment has never been easier. Let’s clear up the misinformation!

The term “mangy” is a general way to describe a dog who is itchy, missing hair, and has scabby, unhealthy-looking skin. Mange generally refers to one of two conditions: demodectic or sarcoptic mange, caused by two different species of mites.

Demodectic Mange

There are two types of Demodex mites that can afflict dogs: D. canis and D. injai; the former is much more prevalent. The mites are always present on dogs in low numbers as normal fauna. The skin is colonized with mites at birth, so puppies “catch” it from their mothers; it is not contagious between dogs otherwise. In a dog with a healthy immune system, the mites do not cause problems.

demodectic mange puppy

nancy kerns foster puppy

So, one wonders, if Demodex mites are a common and usually benign inhabitant of a dog’s skin, how does mange develop? It’s not a simple question. There are four ways to divide infestations: by age group (juvenile and adult onset) and by severity (localized and generalized).

Generalized Demodicosis

Generalized demodicosis happens when the immune system becomes suppressed and the mites proliferate out of control. This proliferation may lead to a sense of itching, causing a dog to scratch and self-traumatize. The scratching leads to breaks in the healthy skin barriers and allows bacterial and yeast infections to occur, which leads to more itching and discomfort, more self-trauma, and worsening infection and skin disease. It is a vicious cycle that can be difficult to stop.

A dog with generalized demodicosis has involvement of more than one site, an infestation that spreads, lasts for more than one to two months, or involves all four feet. The symptoms are hair loss, follicular casting (a yellowish debris is matted around the base of hairs), red bumps (called papules), and variable itching. West Highland White Terriers, Staffordshire Terriers, Shar-Pei, English Bulldogs, Boston Terriers, and several other breeds seem predisposed.

Generalized demodicosis can occur with both juveniles and adults. In puppies, there tends to be an underlying, inborn problem with the immune system. These puppies also will be susceptible to other illnesses like viral and bacterial infections.

In older dogs, another condition could trigger demodicosis. These triggers can include diseases like hypothyroidism and Cushing’s. Demodicosis can also appear if a dog has been on long-term steroids and has a weakened immune system.

In the case of generalized demodicosis, a full veterinary workup should be conducted to evaluate the dog for underlying triggers. This will include bloodwork, including a thyroid level, a urinalysis, and possibly x-rays of the chest and abdomen (in older dogs).

Localized Demodicosis

Localized demodicosis is the other possibility. These are small, well-circumscribed circular hair-loss lesions often seen on young puppies. Sometimes they are seen around the eyes. They do not tend to be itchy. These can clear on their own and often do not pose a problem. No one knows exactly why some puppies have this and others do not. It is rarer to see the localized form in adults.

Diagnosis of Demodectic Mange

The beginning of any diagnosis is a good history and physical examination. Your veterinarian will likely ask general questions about diet, exercise, vaccine history, as well as specific questions about the lesions. How long have they been present? Have they changed – smaller or larger? Do they bother your dog? Any known injuries? After a detailed history, your veterinarian will do a physical exam. This should include a nose-to-tail assessment including vitals and weight.

Once this is accomplished, the vet will gather samples. These will usually include a skin scrape, tape preparation, and impression smears.

In the first, a dull scalpel blade is used to scrape the edges of the lesions until a thin scrim of blood is noted. It is important to get a little bit of blood, as the mites can be deep in the hair follicles. This sample will be placed on a microscope slide with mineral oil and examined under a microscope at low magnification power.

The mites are usually easily visible. Demodex mites are long and cigar-shaped with six legs.

Your veterinarian should also place a strip of clear acetate tape over the lesions and press microscope slides directly onto the affected areas. These samples are stained and examined at high power. She will also look for evidence of secondary bacterial and/or yeast infections that must also be treated.

Sarcoptic Mange

Unlike Demodex, Sarcoptes is not normally found on dogs. This is a contagious mite that spreads from dog to dog. It can also spread from dogs to people, though it will not live long on humans. The most common Sarcoptes mite that afflicts dogs is S. scabiei.

Sarcoptic mange (often called scabies) is intensely itchy and uncomfortable for dogs. Dogs will dig and scratch at themselves, particularly on the sparsely haired areas of the body. These dogs are often in misery. The skin will be red and crusty around the elbows, base of the ears, belly, and outside of the knee. Secondary skin infections are extremely common. As with Demodex, in some cases, the skin infections are so bad that the lymph nodes become enlarged, and the dog may become depressed, lethargic, develop a fever, and lose appetite. No breed seems particularly predisposed.

demodectic mange puppy

Scabies may also be diagnosed if the humans living in the house with the affected dog(s) start itching! While canine Sarcoptes lives only transiently on humans, it can cause intense itching and red papules on the skin. These show up along the waistline, neck, and arms. It can occur within 24 hours of exposure and last for up to three weeks. Usually within one to two weeks, the lesions will resolve, as long as the dog is treated successfully and re-exposure does not occur.

Diagnosis of Sarcoptic Mange

The tests are the same as for Demodex, but Sarcoptes mites live very deep and can be difficult to find. Under the microscope, Sarcoptes mites are fat, round mites with six legs on the juveniles and eight on the adults.

Your veterinarian may scrape in four or five places in an attempt to locate just one mite and will also look for mite eggs. The absence of mites on a skin scrape does not rule out scabies. If your veterinarian is very suspicious, and the skin scrape is negative, she may scratch behind your dog’s ears. A response of thumping of the leg on the same side is called a “positive pinnal-pedal reflex.” While it is not specific for scabies, it is one sign that, paired with the other symptoms mentioned above, makes scabies a likely diagnosis.

What to Do About Mange on Dogs

Until fairly recently, treatment for both types of mite infestations was extensive and involved repeated use of lime-sulfur shampoos and/or dips (every five to seven days, for as long as it takes for the lesions to heal) and ivermectin. The dips are effective treatments, but they are time-consuming, hideously smelly, and carry other risks.

These treatments have been largely supplanted by a new class of chemicals called isoxazolines. These include the oral medications sold under the names Bravecto, Credelio, NexGard, and Simparica; Bravecto is also available as a topical “spot-on” treatment. These medications were all developed to treat infestations of fleas and ticks, but have proven to be so effective at killing mites, that most veterinarians are now using them “off-label” as their go-to treatment for mites. On-label use is expected within the next year.

If the affected dog is young and the lesions are minor, a one-time treatment with one of the isoxazoline drugs will likely be sufficient. In cases of generalized demodicosis, the dog may require another dose or two, given a month apart.

Concerns About Isoxazolines

You may have recently seen FDA warnings about the isoxazoline drugs. There have been reports of serious adverse effects, such as seizures, that may result from their use. The drugs are safe to use in the vast majority of patients, but the cases of adverse effects cannot and should not be dismissed.

As with any medication, it is important to review your dog’s medical history with your veterinarian. If there is history of neurological disease or seizures, the risks, benefits, and disadvantages of an isoxazoline drug should be weighed against those of different medications, such as (in this case) lime-sulfur dips and ivermectin.

demodectic mange puppy

There are many alternatives to these drugs for flea and tick control – and many pose less-serious potential adverse effects. But nothing beats the efficacy of the isoxazoline drugs for treating the mites that cause canine mange. Dog owners should be advised of the risks and advantages of using these drugs as well as the older alternatives.

While the primary treatment is focused on getting rid of the mite overgrowth, secondary skin infections must also be treated. These infections can be bacterial, fungal (yeast), or a combination of both. The samples your veterinarian took will help determine what treatment is needed.

Antibiotic resistance in veterinary medicine is becoming a significant problem. Many times, skin infections (yeast and bacterial both) can be treated with topical medications before oral medications. There are many different products such as mousses, wipes, and shampoos on the market. Type and availability will vary among veterinary offices. Topical therapy should be tried first to avoid encouraging antibiotic resistance. This will be done in conjunction with treatment of the mites with an isoxazoline and/or lime-sulfur dips.

If topical treatment fails for the infections (called pyoderma), oral therapy is next. This can include a combination of antibiotics like the cephalosporin class and oral antifungal drugs such as ketoconazole.

If first-line oral therapies do not treat the skin infections, then your veterinarian will likely recommend a culture of the skin to determine which antibiotic is most appropriate. This is becoming increasingly common as overuse of antibiotics is rampant in both human and veterinary medicine.

Once the mites begin to die (particularly with Sarcoptes), the itching may dramatically intensify. Using steroids (such as prednisone) in dogs with mite infestations is not a great idea, as this suppresses the immune system further. If the itching is intolerable and causing a dog to severely self-traumatize, then a very low dose of prednisone may be prescribed for a short course.

Since sarcoptic mange is contagious, all dogs who came into contact with an affected dog should be treated for the mites.

Your veterinarian may repeat skin scrapings after treatment, to make sure the mite overgrowth has been controlled, but given the effectiveness of the isoxazolines, this isn’t usually done anymore. Improvement in clinical symptoms is generally proof of successful treatment.

Mites are host-specific and do not live off of their preferred hosts for long. Still, it’s never a bad idea to wash your dog’s bedding, especially if she has skin infections and itching. It’s also a good approach to wash your dog’s combs, brushes, and collars.

Catherine Ashe, DVM, graduated the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine in 2008. She practiced ER medicine for nine years and now works as a relief veterinarian in Asheville, North Carolina.

Download the Full February 2019 Issue PDF

  • Wagging The Dog (Food)
  • Approved 2019 Dry Dog Foods
  • Understanding Canine Compulsive Disorder
  • Mange, Mange, Go Away
  • Nuzzle Up To Muzzles
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Want to Help Animals? There Are Many Ways You Can

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It may be that when someone talks about volunteering to help animals in a shelter, that the average person imagines herself walking dogs or cleaning cat boxes in a shelter facility. Those are tasks that shelters can often use! But there is literally no end to the ways that people can help homeless animals.

While my local disaster (the devastating Camp Fire in northern California) and the efforts of so many people to help animals are still so fresh in my memory, allow me to list some.

northwest aspca truck

Disaster/Post-Disaster Help for Animals

• Participate in an Animal-Disaster/Emergency Response Training

Find and stay involved with a group so as to be registered to help in case of emergency. There is an amazing group in my area, the North Valley Animal Disaster Group (NVADG), that organizes several of these training courses each year. I recently learned that the Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) also offers a number of disaster-relief courses and certifications through its Emergency Management Institute. College credits are offered for completing many of its courses!

• Take the Training Offered by National Animal Welfare Groups

The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) and Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) both offer training and deployment opportunities to people who want to help animals in disaster areas. I met one young woman, my son’s age (26) whose deployment to the Camp Fire was the ninth such disaster she had been deployed to for the ASPCA. She, like all the other people who came with “The A,” worked 12-plus-hour days for 14 days straight, sleeping in a rented motorhome on site at the emergency animal shelter in our town. She was also a full-time college student, and struggling to keep up with her assigned reading in the late nights after a full day of helping people and animals. Some of her companions were answering work-related calls and emails throughout the day, having left their jobs. All of them had animals of their own in the care of roommates and family members and friends back in their home states. I continue to be in awe of their work. Check out these links for the ASPCA’s and HSUS’s training opportunities.

donated animal carriers

• Host an Animal Disaster Readiness Training Program!

Here is one offered by the HSUS.

• Help Your LOCAL Shelter When a National Disaster is Happening

Through most of this disaster, most of the action involving the animals who were displaced by the fire had been happening at the emergency shelter facilities set up in temporary locations. But my local shelter was also strongly impacted. We saw many more animals brought in as stray and surrendered by owners than we ordinarily do. We also had a huge spike of community members who had interacted with the shelter in the past come to our shelter to both donate goods for the animals and to ask for supplies that they needed and could not afford. Remember, hundreds of businesses as well as homes were burned down in the fire, as well as schools and a large hospital! Thousands of people were out of work or had no way to get paychecks. Our shelter turned into a distribution (or should I say redistribution site) where we received and gave dog and cat food, bedding, crates, and kitty litter to anyone that had it to offer or needed it. The inflow, sorting, and outflow of goods required tons of staff time.

We also had a number of other shelters within 150 miles of us come to take some animals out of our shelter to help make room for what absolutely became an overwhelming inflow of fire-affected animals. People who could come help load up animals on the days when the cavalry arrived, and then quickly clean cages and kennels and prepare for the new arrivals, were desperately needed.

animal shelter daily donation camp fire

Everyday Ways to Help Animals in Your Community

Shelters also can use help on an everyday basis: Washing dogs or dog crates, cleaning kitty litter boxes, etc. But not everyone has the time or ability to help in a hands-on way. Here are some things that you can do for your local shelter that does not require that you have the time to bottle-feed kittens or the strength to walk untrained dogs!

• Organize Donation Drives

Organize donation drives through your service organization, church, book club, kids’ soccer league, etc. Shelters always need certain items, such as kitty litter, paper towels, and dog and cat food. But they also usually have specific requests, and a huge inflow of stuff they can’t use can be a burden, not a gift. I and several of my friends spent hours sorting through donations that were dropped off at my shelter – and had to discard a full Dumpster’s worth of stuff that absolutely could not be used by us or anyone else. Lace curtains and hand-crocheted Afghans are lovely – and can’t be used as bedding for cats or dogs in a shelter, as they can be chewed and choked on. Kitty litter is always needed, but most shelters can’t use the clumping type. Call and ask your shelter what they need most, and what types of food or cleaning substances they want – and what they don’t want.

• If You Have Professional Skills, Ask If Your Shelter Can Use Them

Tax and estate planning? Most shelters have investment accounts that were donated by deceased supporters of the shelter, and many shelter managers have little experience managing investments! Photography? Every shelter needs help to photograph its adoptable animals. Welding? There are always cages or kennels or something that needs repair at an animal shelter! HVAC? These systems work 24/7 to move the air through shelters. My shelter has at least 20 different heat/cooling air pumps, providing separate air supply to the office areas, surgery, dog isolation, cat isolation, feral cat room, cat adoption, dog adoption, etc. There is always some machine somewhere in need of attention! Tires? You would not believe the miles the animal control officers put on those trucks. Every penny saved on supplying some vital service to the shelter is one more they can use for food and medical supplies and care for the animals, and for paid shelter staff.

• Financial Donations Always Needed

It seems crass to say, but money is always in short supply at animal shelters. Large infusions for big capital investment projects are amazing; a local donor once gave my shelter $20,000, and it built a surgery suite in our shelter, enabling us to hire veterinarians to come to our facility and perform spay/neuter surgery in-house, saving us hundreds of thousands of dollars in the past decade on the full-price surgeries that the local vets had been charging the shelter.

But small, regular donations add up to really significant numbers when added together. One hundred people giving $5 a month each adds up to $500. That’s our weekly expense for spay/neuter surgery for about 20 animals who get adopted. Most of us can spare $5 a month – and if you can convince a few friends to do likewise, it really adds up to very significant amounts.

How do you help animals in your community?

How about you guys? More ideas are welcome!

Lessons From the Camp Fire Aftermath

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I haven’t mentioned the aftermath of the Camp Fire for a while. Between getting the February dry dog food review done, the February issue to the printer, and what has turned into weekly visits to the UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital with some or just one of the foster puppies I’ve been caring for, I haven’t spent very much time at the temporary “shelter” where animals from the Camp Fire were being held. Here’s an update.

At the peak of the Camp Fire emergency, over 2,000 animals were in temporary shelters in a number of locations. This included large animals – horses, donkeys, cows, goats, sheep, pigs, and llamas – who were all taken to a local fairgrounds, where they were held in pens much like any they had ever been held in. I’m sure they experienced some anxiety, but given that their feed and housing was not much different than what most of them had experienced before, I would hazard a guess that they were more or less none the worse for wear.

chicken in a cage

I’d guess the same could be said for the barnyard poultry: hundreds of geese, ducks, and chickens who were also evacuated or rescued from the fires. Lots of these birds were held temporarily at the shelter where I spent the most time volunteering, and they all seemed mentally and physically just fine, even the ones being held in crates in the medical treatment rooms while under treatment for injuries or illness.

I cannot say the same for the dogs and cats. The household pets were either surrendered by owners who had no means or place to keep them, or were rescued from the fire or fire evacuation zone. They were saved from death in the fire and from starvation and exposure in the weeks following the fire, when the area was still under mandatory evacuation due to the hazards presented by downed trees and powerlines. We could call them the lucky pets – an enormous amount of work and money and love was poured into their care, by literally hundreds of volunteers over the past two months since the fire erupted. But we could also accurately describe them as victims, both of the fire and of their internment in the shelter being managed for their benefit.

One of the ironies of sheltering animals is that while it’s all done for the animals’ benefit, it may be quite unpleasant for them, and perhaps even hazardous to their mental, emotional, and in some cases, even physical health. In the temporary shelters, the dogs were all housed in crates, mostly the wire, folding-type crates. Volunteers walked the dogs at least twice a day, perhaps three times in a day on the days when a lot of volunteers were present, but each walk might be just a few minutes long, especially on the days when volunteers were in short supply.

number of camp fire animal rescues in oroville

There were some dogs who were more or less content to hang out in their crates in between their two or three walks per day, but many more were stressed and miserable. There were just too many dogs in too-close proximity to each other, in strange surroundings, with strange people milling in and out, and the food and the schedule was different every day.

There was never enough bedding to make the dogs really comfortable – and in many cases, when you did put a ton of bedding in a crate, dogs would either spill their water all over it, soil it because there had been too much time between potty breaks, or chew it up. Early on in the disaster, there was one person in particular who kept telling the people who were walking the dogs and cleaning their cages to forget about blankets or bedding. “This is just temporary,” he’d insist. “They don’t need it!”

One of the tasks he had taken on was carrying the big plastic bags of sodden and chewed bedding out of the buildings where the dogs were being held. I asked him about the wet and soiled bedding. “Where does it get washed?” I asked naively. It turned out that it was all being thrown away. Yes, hundreds and hundreds of donated pet beds, blankets, and towels were thrown away weekly, because there was no system/infrastructure in place to do pet laundry.

Dogs who were particularly stressed tended to bark all day, or at least every time a person entered the room, and bark constantly while volunteers were present – and this stressed the other dogs and volunteers alike.

On the other hand, there weremany pets (dogs and cats alike) who were given badly needed flea treatments; put on medication for everything from heart conditions to diabetes; had their ears cleaned, nails trimmed, and wounds treated; and so on. I had to hold onto this bit of good news to keep the sad and bad news from overwhelming me.

camp fire rescue

Many volunteers formed strong relationships with the animals in their care, and the information sheets/care logs on the front of each dogs’ crate started to sprout notes like, “If this dog is never claimed by an owner, I would like to adopt him” and “I would like to foster this dog!” – complete with names and phone numbers. It became a very sore point with many of the volunteers that they were forbidden by “the rules” to contact the dog’ owners (if known), to let them know how the dogs were doing.

Then an even more ridiculous rule was communicated: People who had brought their animals to the temporary shelters were not allowed to visit the animals. When I (and many other volunteers) heard this communicated as a policy, I was incredulous. How cruel! It’s bad enough that people lost their homes and were staying in shelters or their cars or at the homes of friends, but they also couldn’t see or comfort their pets, or receive comfort from them? The rationale cited: “Liability.” WHAT?

Worse yet: If people came to the shelter to look for pets who may have been rescued, they were told to look on the website that was being constructed (by yet more volunteers!) to see if they could identify their pets by photo. If, after they had done that, they thought one or two pets were theirs, they were supposed to come back with the ID numbers of those pets, and someone would bring the pet/s out to show them. I also considered this insane and cruel. We had lots of volunteers who could show them around! What was the harm in letting people look at the animals in person?? Supposedly, again, the rational given was “liability.”

Liability was also the reason given for the rule regarding the qualification of volunteers. Initially, only people who were part of the North Valley Animal Disaster Group (NVADG) and had been through one of NVADG’s courses for volunteers were supposed to be allowed on the emergency shelter sites. Then the word spread that you could also volunteer if you had registered through a local volunteer agency. The agency was supposed to be screening potential volunteers, “swearing them in” (everyone was supposed to take an oath and swear to follow rules and accept responsibility for the potential dangers of volunteering with animals), and assigning them to duties that matched their abilities. Several of my friends, trying to follow the new rule, contacted the agency and asked to register. Each was told, “We are swamped with applications, we will get back to you.” Most never received a call back.

It quickly became understood that the best way to volunteer was to show up with anyone who had been there previously, who would subtly coach you in the art of signing-in, writing your name on a piece of duct tape (Sharpies and duct tape were there on the table with the sign-in sheets), and entering the facility with a confident air. Once on the property, then someone who had more experience could show you where everything was: dogs, leashes, poop bags; where to dump wet bedding and get clean bedding; where we could walk the dogs and where was off-limits, etc.

In the first two weeks of the disaster, as the air grew dark grey and foul to breathe, the NVADG volunteers were running the shelters and doing the lion’s share of the work to care for the animals. As the event wore on, some of the national animal welfare organizations sent people who had years and years of experience with animals in disaster areas. The International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) sent people who provided critical organizational leadership at the shelter site in a town just north and west of the fire (Chico). The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) sent about 10 or 12 people, who worked 12-hour days for 14 days straight at the emergency shelter site in my town (Oroville), similarly taking over organization of the shelter site and volunteers alike. I heard about, but never met, people who came from the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) and other organizations.

During the stretches of time that these experienced people were on site, things started to feel more sane. They redacted some of the nonsensical rules that had been imposed, including the rules against allowing visits from owners who had left their pets at the shelter and allowing people who were looking for their pets to come through and look at all the animals. They modeled more compassionate interactions altogether. When fire victims and evacuees would thank them (or other volunteers) for their help, they would always say, “It is our honor to help you. We know you have gone through so much. Please let us know if there is anything else we can do for you.”

They also welcomed every person who showed up to volunteer and found something for every person to do. “No experience with cats? Could you sort these donated blankets and towels, and fold and stack them in these containers in separate piles?” (This was a huge help for the people who were cleaning cages, to be able to come and grab armloads of the right type of bedding in just a minute, instead of having to grub through piles and locate appropriate things.) “What do you do? A software engineer, you say? Could you help with some Excel spreadsheets that will help us track which animals are in various parts of the facility?” Strong people were put to work unloading and organizing donations of pet food, kitty litter, and crates. Fast people were given jobs running all over the facility, passing messages and carrying supplies.

It was during this phase of the event that I spotted the litter of starving, mange-covered puppies that had been brought into my local shelter. I had gone there to answer a call for people who could help the already beleaguered staff move a lot of donated goods from an outdoor location into shipping containers that had been rented for extra temporary storage. As I recounted in an earlier post, the sight of this pathetic bunch just broke something inside me; I felt strongly called to help them, especially since I thought it was highly likely they would be lost in the bigger, more dramatic emergencies going on with the fire victims and evacuees. With my hands full taking care of these pups, and with the ASPCA folks on site, I stepped away from volunteering at the temporary shelter…

…And almost immediately started getting reports from friends who were still volunteering that as soon as the ASPCA left, things had started to go downhill at the shelters. Soldiers from the National Guard were brought in and given assignments to help care for the animals. A series of animal control officers arrived from different, out-of-the area locations – San Diego (some 10 hours away), Monterey, Oregon, Texas! – and were put in charge of the shelter. To this day, I’m not sure how these selections or assignments were made, or whether it was up to our county animal control department, the California Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES), or the Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA), but I know that each of these organizations had staff working involvement in the oversight of the event. And while each change of leadership brought competent, caring people to our community, the weekly changes in policies and practices exhausted and discouraged volunteer after volunteer. One by one my friends and acquaintances stopped volunteering.

Well, the number of animals in the shelters was slowly reducing anyway, as owners reclaimed or found their pets – and after the county animal control department finally permitted volunteers to contact known owners and arrange for foster care of some of the animals whose owners were known. As I write this, a little more than two months since the fire started, the last of the temporary emergency shelters began closing up shop. The last animals, including some 37 unclaimed dogs and more than 350 cats, have been sent to a number of local shelters (including the one where I ordinarily volunteer). It’s up to the shelters as to whether they continue to hold the animals apart, in hopes that their owners still might show up, or to adopt or allow people to foster the animals.

Dog Safety Takeaways from After A Natural Disaster

What are my takeaways from all this?

  1. Microchip your animals, and keep the registration/contact information current. Chipped animals are the first to be identified and returned to their owners.
  2. If there is any natural disaster coming your way, keep your pets close. Don’t leave without them, if possible.
  3. If your pets are separated from you after a disaster, keep checking every place where rescued animals have been taken – daily, if you can. Get them out of temporary holding facilities as soon as you possibly can.
  4. If you have no place to go with your pets, try to arrange for one of your friends or family members to foster or care for your pets.
  5. I’m sure there is more, but this is what the experience has engraved on my brain.

Thanks to all of you who sent donations to either NVADG or my local shelter, the Northwest SPCA. The extra support has come in handy, as all the local shelter are full to the brim right now. And thanks to all the hundreds of volunteers who have helped care for these animals.

Foster Puppy Update: Not Quite Ready for Prime Time

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When I last told you about the puppies, I was at the U.C. Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH) with the largest pup, who has something going on with one of his eyes.

Thank goodness I relentlessly photograph these pups. Thanks to the automatic online backup of the photos from my phone, I can recount what is otherwise a blur in my brain:

    • The pup’s eye was FINE on November 27.
    • It was swollen and painful on December 2 (and on December 3 I took him to see the shelter RVT, who examined the eye but couldn’t find either a foreign body or a scratch, and who gave me some broad-spectrum antibiotic ointment for the eye).
    • The eye improved at first and then worsened and was examined by a local veterinarian on December 6. He prescribed three medications to put in the pup’s eye
    • After a week of treatment and not much progress, that vet was fairly convinced we were going to end up losing the pup’s eye. But he referred us to an ophthalmologist at the VMTH
    • We saw the veterinary ophthalmologist at the VMTH on December 19. (That’s when I wrote the last blog post about the pup.) The doctor was able to examine the eye in much more depth, with much more advanced instruments. The last medication added to the pup’s treatment had helped a lot with the ulceration, and overall, this doctor was much more encouraging about the eye’s status. She changed the medication protocol, adding some and taking away others. Taking a cue from the responses to my blog post, I started calling the puppy “Champ.”
    • With the change in medications, the eye improved a LOT for about five days, and then abruptly ulcerated again. This was confirmed by the local veterinarian, who examined the eye on December 27. He suggested putting the antibiotic medication that helped with the ulcer the first time back into the mix, but again was fairly doubtful that we were going to end up saving the eye. I started considering one of the other names suggested by readers: Odin. (Odin is a Norse god who traded one of his eyes for wisdom!)
mange puppy

Three of the pups underwent spay/neuter surgery on December 28. I picked them up from the shelter and stayed with them at my office/house that night. I posted their photos on the shelter website, to let people know they would be available soon. By the morning, all three were playing and eating/drinking/pottying normally, and I felt fine about taking them to the shelter for the five hours that the shelter is open on Saturdays, in hopes of getting one of them adopted. But there were no takers that day.

mange puppy eye problems

I did, however, receive an inquiry from someone who saw the shelter’s Facebook post, and wanted my best opinion on how big the puppies might get. It turns out that Bethany was someone whose house burned down – with her dogs and cats in it – in the Camp Fire disaster. Oh my god.

After weeping through a typed, direct-message conversation with her about that, we discussed the puppies. She said she saw the puppies photos, and it was the first time in a month she considered getting another dog; given their own tragedy, she and her partner, Drew, would both like to help an animal touched by this local disaster. But she and Drew and their son will be moving into a mobile home in a park that has a strict limit on the size of the pets they will accept. I am completely uncertain about the size that these pups might mature to, but I invited them to come to my office/house to meet them anyway.

sick puppy eye problems

The whole family arrived the next day, and she introduced me to Drew and their son . . . Odin!!!

We decided that the pups might end up as too large for her housing situation, but I promised I would keep an eye out for an adult dog of an appropriate size at the shelter for them. They would ideally like to adopt a dog who lost his or her home, too, and since there are lots of people having to rehome the pets who were evacuated in time from the fire, or who were rescued after the fact, it’s likely we will be able to make this sort of connection, to help heal them all.

sick puppy

And I decided I needed to start calling the pup with the eye injury Odin. As hard as I have worked to save this eye, I have to face facts. And the coincidence of running into a person named Odin at that particular moment was remarkable; it felt like a message. I have never met a person named Odin in my 55-year-old life!

As I write this, we just got back from a follow-up visit to the VMTH. As we checked in at the front desk, I asked them to update the pup’s records to reflect his new name. It seemed like acceptance.

mange puppy

 

We saw a different veterinary student and resident veterinary ophthalmologist from the last visit, as well as a member of the veterinary ophthalmology faculty. All of them were suitably impressed with little Odin’s manners; every time they entered the exam room after a delay, he was curled up asleep on his little mat, and got up to greet them in a polite but friendly manner. Only the faculty vet seemed to recognize the significance of “Odin”; he chuckled when he heard the pup’s name.

And then, after examining the eye, he held Odin’s face in his hands and said, “Don’t trade your eye away just yet, young man.” And then he turned to me and said, “I think the eye is looking very promising. It’s true that it ulcerated again, but it’s healing inside nicely. Dogs heal faster than humans, and puppies heal faster than adult dogs; he’s got that going for him. Let’s make a few more changes to the medications, and have your local vet check his eye pressure in four days and let us know what the pressures are. If they are good, let’s see you back here in two weeks. And keep up the good work, both of you!”

Champ? Odin? We shall see. I will keep you posted, of course!

New Year’s Resolutions for Dog Caretakers

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I had to check last year’s blog posts to see if I had published any New Year’s resolutions last year; I didn’t, so I don’t have to admit how much or even whether I met any of my resolutions. But this year, I want to give public resolutions a go, to see if it will help me get any of them done.

1. Brushing My Dogs’ Teeth

One of the things I have been meaning to do, and that I think many dog owners ought to do, is brush my dogs’ teeth. Argh! I really don’t want to! But I need to just do it! Neither one of my dogs minds having his teeth brushed; it’s just one of those things *I* don’t enjoy and have a hard time making myself do. But Otto has gotten to the age where his teeth seem to attract more plaque, and it’s certainly not healthy to let it build up and give tartar formation a leg up. And even though Woody is only three years old, his teeth are already looking like he’s going to need his teeth to be cleaned by a veterinarian sometime in the next year, so he clearly needs toothbrushing as well, so I ought to get it together.

Rupert, the dog I owned before Otto, died at 14 and a half years old and never needed a dental cleaning in his life. I miss that. Maybe you get just one of those dogs in your lifetime, I don’t know. But I need to get rolling with this basic maintenance. Of course, the vets say daily toothbrushing is most effective. I’m going to aim for a few times a week and see how it goes.

dog meet and greet training

2. Getting Woody His Canine Good Citizen Title

I want to work on the Canine Good Citizen exercises with Woody, with the goal of earning his CGC title. He is capable of all of the things in the test, but putting them all together on any given day would not necessarily be a slam-dunk for him. He can be spooked by strange people at times, and working on the exercises in the test would be a good way to help him get more comfortable with meeting people and improve his reliability in public settings.

I want to find a class to work on these things, or even start a Meetup-type group with other local dog owners who would be interested in helping each other with our dogs to accomplish this goal.

whole dog journal editor nancy kerns

3. Agility Competitions!

I want to try an agility competition – even if it’s only once! – with either or both of my dogs. This is going to require more than a small investment of time, however. I have taken “fun” (i.e., not serious) agility classes with both of my dogs. Otto and I took a class years and years ago, and Woody and I took a class a few months ago. Both of my dogs love running and jumping and are even really good at the contact obstacles; but Otto is not crazy about weave poles and Woody has never even seen any. So this resolution, too, will require that we find a class and perhaps a practice facility, but it’s something I have been talking about forever, and it’s time I give it a shot. I really want to try it!

One of the reasons I am such a fan of agility has to do with the off-leash nature of the sport. If a dog doesn’t understand what his person wants, or finds the situation to be aversive in any way, it is painfully obvious to all observers, as the dog may take the wrong obstacles, decide to stop and sniff things, or even leave the ring! This forces the handler to be clear and precise, to have built a strong foundation of communication with her dog, and to have kept the training fun! I love the high-stakes nature of all that!

I think these three resolutions are PLENTY, and maybe even too much, but I am really going to try to get them all done in 2019. I will even commit to reporting on my progress as the year commences.

How about you? Anyone care to share some dog-oriented resolutions?

Thoughts from a UC Davis Veterinary Hospital Waiting Room

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If there is one thing that all of us who are in and around these buildings have in common, it’s that our animal companions are critically important to us, whether they are huge (like the Great Dane puppy I saw in the main receiving area five hours ago) or tiny (like the ancient, doddering Pomeranian wearing a cone who just hobbled out of another exam room in the ophthalmology department).

However, your purebred Springer Spaniel with the gleaming, show-worthy coat and condition is no more important than my scruffy, mange-recovering, mixed-breed shelter puppy. Thank goodness, we are all equals in the eyes of the dedicated vets, vet techs, vet students, and even the support staff at the front counter and answering the phones. These people exude compassion for every human and every non-human animal equally.

When you see a person carrying a dog bed wrapped in a blanket with just a dog’s nose sticking out, and the person has obviously been crying, don’t even think about asking a question or even saying anything in a consoling tone. Just smile and look away.  No one wants to be observed or explain anything at a time like this.

No one who works in or visits this sector of the campus will walk past an animal without a smile, from the custodians to the vets to other pet owners.

There is no one kinder than a veterinary student. Period. They are equally interested, friendly, appreciative of the pets in their care, polite and sweet to owners, patient when taking even very long-winded histories, and earnest. They have thanked ME for caring about the shelter pups I’ve brought here. I’m old enough to be their mother, but every single one that I’ve cried in front of in the past week – and I think we are up to at least three or four, at this point – has been so compassionate and kind that it makes me cry again, just thinking about that.

uc davis veterinary hospital

It isn’t just well-heeled people visiting the veterinary oncology, ophthalmology, and other specialty departments that are in this building. I mean, it’s impossible to know for sure, but judging from the cars in the packed parking lot and the people I see waiting in the waiting rooms with me, we are from every socio-economic strata and racial background.  If our pets need a specialist, they need a specialist. And so we are here, taking what inspiration we can from the posters about various veterinary success stories that line the walls and halls.

There is nothing so gloriously thrilling as an obviously healthy, thriving dog dancing out of a facility like this. Perhaps he was here only for a checkup, or maybe his treatments healed him. Either way, it makes all of our hearts glad to see him.

uc davis veterinary hospital

*I am back at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital [VMTH] at UC Davis, just a week after my last visit. Last week, I was here with a dying puppy. This week, I’m here for an emergency ophthalmology consult for another puppy from the same foster litter.

Not quite three weeks ago, the biggest, strongest pup in the litter suddenly developed a big swollen eye. My local veterinarian prescribed one course of treatment, and a week later, another, but the eye hasn’t responded. Since the origin of the problem is still a bit of a mystery (a scratch was suspected, but no actual injury to the surface of the eye was observed), he has started to suspect that the cause is not an injury but some other disorder. Hence, a higher-tech consultation.

The pup has been prescribed a whole new course of oral and topical medicines:  gabapentin for pain, doxycycline in case it has been caused by a tick-borne disease or even leptospirosis, and, to reduce the dangerous fluid accumulation in the eye, a low-dose oral steroid, a saline ointment (to be applied six times a day) and an NSAID eye drop (to be applied four times a day). And we will recheck in a week.

You guys, this puppy is a champ. He’s so well behaved that people keep mistaking him for being very ill; after a few minutes of sniffing around and me rewarding him with little treats for staying on the little blanket I brought for him, he curls up in a ball and resigns himself to a few more boring hours. What amazing self-control for such a little guy!

However, given the practically hourly regimen of eye medications we’ve been dealing with in the past two weeks, he’s bonded to me very strongly. The ophthalmology intern took him into the back for about an hour, and I took the opportunity to go in search of a snack vending machine and a restroom. When I got back, I heard the puppy’s loud complaints (he is a howler) from a cage in a room a few doors away from the waiting room. As soon as the doctors were done with him and the intern saw that I was back, he was brought back to me and he settled back on his little blanket without any further fuss. He’s such a good boy!

uc davis veterinary hospital

Also, folks, he needs a name. I usually assign my foster pups a different colored collar for the few weeks they will be with me, and refer to them by the color of that collar. But this bunch has needed so much help, and since we want to make sure that the health conditions they are fighting as a result of their early abandonment and subsequent malnutrition (demodectic mange, wonky legs, and now this vexing eye issue) are completely resolved before we even try to find them forever homes, they are going to be with me for a good bit longer than usual. It’s well past time for a real name, even if it gets changed when he finally finds a home.

My friends keep calling this puppy Blue, both for his blue merle color and now, sadly, for his compromised eye, but that’s confusing, because he’s the puppy who has been wearing the yellow collar and coat. When the ophthalmologist asked about his name, I told her that he’s the yellow collar puppy, but my friends keep calling him Blue, and that I didn’t want to name him for a condition we were hoping to resolve. She laughed and said, “All my pets are named after the conditions that brought them to me!” When I, also laughing, asked her for an example, she said, “Well, for starters, my cat Ringo came to me with ringworm…”

Anyway, suggestions for a name would be gladly accepted.

As would donations for the medical bills that he and the other puppies have incurred. The donations that the shelter has received are what’s making all this medical care possible; we have done much more for these puppies than this open-admission shelter or I are usually able to do. And for that, I am so grateful. This is an extremely worthy bunch of pups, and I’m so glad that they are going to get a real chance in life, instead of being euthanized for severe but highly treatable conditions.

If you are so moved to make a year-end, tax-deductible gift, please go to northwestspca.org and click on “Donate.” You can specify that your donation be used for the medical care of the mange puppies. If there is any money left over by the time these guys are out the door, healthy, neutered, and microchipped, the money will go into the shelter’s medical fund to be used to help other special cases. And thank you from the bottom of my heart.

Crate Reasoning

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We have run many, many articles about crate training in the past 21 years of publishing Whole Dog Journal. Though I’m sure at least one of those articles mentioned that an emergency evacuation is one very good reason to make sure your dog is comfortable in a crate, I’m not sure we ever gave it more space than a single sentence in a long article about crating.

Recent events, however, have prompted me to spend this entire editorial talking about this very compelling reason to help your dog learn how to happily spend time in a crate.

Dogs who quickly and willingly get into a crate save critical minutes in an extreme emergency evacuation. In some cases during the evacuation from the tragic Camp Fire, which started on November 8 near my town and burned for weeks, killing at least 88 people and countless animals, minutes made the difference between survival and death.

Also, animals who were securely contained in crates were easily moved from vehicle to vehicle, or carried by rescuers to safety. Many pets who were or got loose during the firestorm perished as their owners fled for their own lives.

For the past few weeks, I’ve been writing blog posts about the massive animal rescue efforts being made by volunteers in my community (you can read those posts on our blog site). I have been volunteering in the shelters that have been housing animals who were safely evacuated by their owners and left at the shelters (because the owners couldn’t keep their pets with them for any number of reasons) as well as the animals that have been rescued from the fire zone by firefighters, police, utility workers, and animal rescue teams.

All of the animals being held at the emergency shelters – more than 2,000 dogs, cats, birds, and other pets at the height of the event – are being held in crates: wire crates for the most part and a few in the plastic airline-style crates. As I write this, many of those animals have been living in those crates for more than three weeks. Of course, the cat cages are cleaned daily and the dogs are taken outside to potty, but sadly, given the sheer number of dogs that volunteers need to walk, the time that each dog spends outside of the crate is very short.

This is far from an ideal situation, but the dogs who obviously had experience in crates were far less traumatized by their time in the crowded shelters than the dogs who freaked out every time they had to go back into a crate after a potty walk. This broke the heart of every volunteer who was there to help care for the dogs, including me. I’ll never forget the elderly Boxer-mix who spent weeks moaning and pressing her head to the front of her crate. If only she felt that her crate was a safe place, not a hellish punishment.

Spending the Golden Years with Dogs

Well, it’s happened: I have reached the age where I look forward to Social Security payments arriving in my bank account every month. With that significant milestone comes some new perspectives on life with dogs as a senior citizen. Not the least of these is the sobering realization that I have a finite number of dogs left to share my life with, making each one an even greater treasure.

Just as daunting is the awareness that, if and when my husband and I do add more new canines to our family, we might need to revise our checklist of desirable adoption-dog characteristics. If you, too, are reaching your golden years or have dog-loving family members who are, you may find the following suggestions useful.

Don’t get me wrong! If you’re like me, you’re still quite agile and active. I do barn chores every day, hike with my dogs, and work 12-hour days. Check out any agility competition and you can be reassured that there are plenty of aging dog-lovers who can still get around quite handily. These tips are not just for doddering centenarians – just some of the things you might want to think about as you contemplate your future with your four-legged family members.

dogs for senior citizens

The Good Stuff

Aging with dogs isn’t all accommodations; there are lots of good things about being a senior dog owner:

You will likely be home more. With retirement comes more time to spend with your dogs. They will love this! So will you! If you, like me, have lots of active years ahead, you can do more training, more hiking, more playing, more cuddling, and just have more all-around fun together.

You might travel more together. It’s not uncommon for retirees to travel the country in a motor home, touring national parks and monuments, visiting out-of-the-way places, and crossing off bucket-list adventures.

Motor home travel is ideally suited for dogs; your dogs are cozy in their own home away from home and they get to go everywhere with you. You can even visit relatives without imposing your furry companions on them; if they don’t have dog-friendly homes yours can hang in their own space, parked just outside. You can even live in it full time and forget about those mortgage payments!

You could possibly qualify for a service dog. No, not that we want you to be disabled, but if you are, you could consider this an opportunity to have a super well-trained dog who could go with you virtually anywhere (with just a few very rare, limited exceptions).

Qualified dog training professionals are starting to offer more opportunities for people to train their own service dogs and avoid the high cost of purchasing a well-trained service dog. Of course, your dog has to be appropriate service-dog material – and under no circumstances should you join the sad ranks of those who fraudulently pretend their dogs are service dogs just to gain access for them.

Keeping a canine companion for company is good for you! An increasing number of retirement villages, assisted-living facilities, and managed-care homes now welcome companion animals, recognizing that this can improve both the mental and physical health of their human residents. Having an animal companion helps ease loneliness and stress, and animal-care tasks keep residents more active and social. If and when that time comes, you should be able to find a facility that will welcome you and your dog.

Cautions for Seniors Raising Dogs

So, what’s the down side? Here are some of the not-as-fun things to think about as you approach your golden years with dogs.

dogs for senior citizens

Providing proper care for dogs can be costly. Unless you’re one of the minority of Americans who have planned adequately for luxuries in your retirement years (kudos to you if you are!) the expense of caring for a dog can overwhelm a tight budget.

Top-notch pet insurance programs can help offset some of these costs, but it’s something to keep in mind as you consider how many (or how many more) animal companions you can reasonably provide for. It would be devastating to have to give up your beloved dog because you can’t afford to care for her!

That said, some expenses (such as pet-sitting/walking and doggie daycare) might decrease after retirement and help offset the cost of your dog’s medical needs.

Seniors must be sure, more than ever before in their lives, to make good adoption choices. If you’ve had Labrador Retrievers all your life, and lose your beloved 15-year-old Festus to old age when you are 70, you might automatically think to get another Lab puppy. After all, you’ve always had them!

Remember, however, that you were a spry 55 years old when you adopted Festus, and he ran you ragged then, until he grew up and became perfect. It’s easy to forget how hard Festus pulled on-leash as a youngster, but you likely remember how much your arthritis hurts on some days; that might not be a good combination.

Again, I empathize. When my husband and I were looking to adopt recently, a dog-trainer friend told us about one of her clients who was looking to rehome his large, active German Shepherd. We considered it seriously; my husband loves GSDs. But in the end, we adopted a Pomeranian-mix, Sunny – and we are very happy with him!

If you’ve always been a “big-dog person” it might be time to think smaller. You may have more and more physical limitations – could you still lift an injured big dog into the car if you had to? And if you think an assisted-living facility, or even just a downsized home in a condominium complex, might be in your future, be aware that both often restrict the size of the dogs they will accept.

On the other hand, be aware that very tiny dogs (especially tiny dogs who are very zippy and active) can be a tripping hazard for a slower adult, or one with mobility challenges, so keep that in mind as well.

Dog Training and Equipment Tips for Seniors

Now for more good stuff. Think of all you can teach your dog, with all that time on your hands! Even if you don’t need a service dog, yours can certainly help you around the house – finding, picking up, and bringing you things, closing doors and drawers, and more.

A good trainer can help you with these and other tasks you’d like your dog to learn. Some trainers even offer classes specifically for older humans, where the pace of the class might be a little slower, and the focus is on helping to meet the training needs of seniors!

In-Home Professional Training

If you need help with training and can’t attend a class because getting out of the house is hard, there are many good, positive trainers who will come to your home. Just be sure, as always, to research them carefully to make sure you’re getting a bona fide force-free trainer who will help you train your dog without hurting or scaring him.

dog agility training

Front-Clip Harnesses

Of course, the right equipment can also make life easier for our aging bodies. Front-clip harnesses can ease the pain of leash pulling; even smaller dogs can sometimes pull surprisingly hard!

Waist Belt

Also useful for seniors (or anyone with arthritic hands) is a waist belt that allows you to clip your dog’s leash to the belt. This transfers the dog’s pulling pressure to your hips, which are sometimes sturdier and more stable than your back and shoulders – but only if you are stable enough and your dog isn’t big enough to pull you over.

The High Sierra Walk-A-Belt from White Pine Outfitters is a good choice for a waist belt.

Bungee Leashes

A leash that has some give or stretch can also reduce the impact on you if your dog runs to the end of the leash. One style that tends to work well for absorbing leash shock is the Dog Outdoors Ezy Dog Zero Shock leash.

Waist Belt AND Bungee Leash!

Ruffwear sells a waist belt that comes with a stretchy leash. See our review in the August 2018 issue.

Elevate Your Dog Training

Bring the dog up closer to your level. Here’s another benefit of downsizing to a smaller dog: You can pick her up or invite her to jump up on an elevated surface (such as a sofa, bed, ottoman, or a table provided for this purpose) and do much of your training there! Dog steps and/or ramps can be useful if she can’t jump high enough and you can’t pick her up – or she doesn’t like being picked up.

Deliver Treats on a Stick!

Finally, something as simple as peanut butter or baby food smeared on a long-handled wooden spoon can ease the delivery of treats to a small dog without having to bend over.

Seniors for Seniors

As you look to adopt, consider the mature canine residents at your local shelters and rescue groups. When you adopt an adult dog you get to skip all the crazy-puppy-behavior stuff and often (although not always) get a ready-made companion. Plus the older dogs often have a much harder time finding a forever home, which is just nuts, because many senior dogs fit into their new families seamlessly.

One of the best adoption choices I ever made was an eight-year-old tri-color Rough Collie, surrendered to my local shelter due to urinary incontinence (which was easily treated). I offered to foster Mandy. She walked into our house and lay down on the floor like she’d always lived there, and never put a paw wrong for the remaining six years of her life with us. In contrast, Sunny, adopted at 11 months, still indulges in adolescent high-energy crazies, chews things randomly, and has an occasional house-training lapse.

Helping Senior Family Members

Perhaps you aren’t in the senior category yet, but you have friends and family members who are. There are countless ways you can make life easier for your aging dog-loving friends and relatives:

  • Make a standing offer to help with transport as needed for vet visits, groomer, training classes, etc., or help them find good mobile vet, training and grooming services that will come to their home.
  • Either offer to help exercise their dog, or help them hire (and perhaps pay for) a professional dog walker for at least a few days per week.
  • Do some or all of the training yourself, if appropriate and needed.
  • Assist them with setting up a regular order of pet supplies from companies like Chewy.com that will auto-ship repeat deliveries.
  • Help them make good choices if and when they are contemplating adding new animal companions to their family.
  • When the time comes for assisted living, research facilities that allow animals and help them select an appropriate new living situation.
  • Have the difficult discussion about planning for their dog’s future, and help them make those arrangements.

Caring For Your Dog After You’re Gone

dogs for senior citizens

I’m not sure which is worse: contemplating my final years with no dogs in my life, or having my dogs outlive me. At some point you might decide it’s not fair to adopt any more, either because you’re no longer able to care for one, or your living situation doesn’t allow – or simply because you don’t want your dog to outlive you. I cannot conceive of not having a dog in my life, so fortunately, there are several different ways you can ensure that your dog is cared for after you are gone. You can guarantee this – and give yourself peace of mind while you’re still here – by taking one or more steps to provide for her future:

1. Consult with your retirement advisor.

Pet trusts, pet protection agreements, and provisions in your will can ensure that your dog will be well taken care of after you are gone. Forty-six states (all except Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, and Mississippi) have enacted pet trust laws. Your retirement advisor will have more information regarding the specifics in your state.

2. Provide for your dog in your will.

Who do you want to care for your dog? Check with friends and family members before you designate them for your dog’s care in a will. They need to be willing and able to care for her the way you want her to be cared for. If you plan to leave her in the care of a non-profit animal protection organization, research the group very well first. Some charge a fee for this service, and again, you want to be sure your dog will receive good care. People have been known to take the money and then neglect or even euthanize the dog.

3. Set up a pet trust.

A pet trust is managed by a trustee – someone you select to manage the money you will place in the trust – and a caregiver who is the person selected to care for your dog. The trustee disperses resources to the caregiver who will then use them to care for your dog in the manner you’ve described in the trust. Pet trusts are expensive. You must fund the trust (typically at least tens of thousands of dollars) and pay lawyer’s fees that can easily top one thousand dollars. For more information visit ASPCA.org/PetTrusts.

4. Write an agreement.

In lieu of a will or trust, you identify one or more caregivers and write out an agreement that states that this person will care for your dog upon your death or inability to care for your dog yourself. The biggest advantage of this is affordability. Make sure you discuss the arrangements with your designated person(s) first. You can obtain a standard form Pet Protection Agreement at LegalZoom.com for a cost between $39 and $79, or you can write the letter yourself, and have it signed (by both you and the caregiver) and notarized. Make sure that your vet and close family members have a copy of this agreement, so they will know who to give your dog to if something happens to you.

5. Research continuing pet care programs.

Some animal sanctuaries, humane societies, and veterinary schools offer programs to care for your dog if you can’t. Programs guarantee food, shelter, and state-of-the-art medical care until your dog can be adopted by another family. You will probably pay a one-time fee for your first dog and an additional fee for each additional pet you place in the program. To find a program near you, do an online search for “continuing pet care,” or ask for a referral from your veterinarian or local humane society. A big caveat here – your dog may end up spending the rest of her life in a kennel in a shelter if she doesn’t get adopted. Think carefully about this one.

6. Leave readily available information about your dog.

Carry a wallet card that will tell someone that you have animal companions and who to contact to see that they are cared for. In the case of emergency or sudden illness, make sure family members know where to find the basics:

  • Contact information for your veterinarian.
  • Any special medications or medical issues.
  • Food that your dog eats.
  • Favorite toys and sleeping places.

Enjoyable Age Adjustments

I’m working on the aging thing in my own world. I’ve actually signed up with Sunny for our new program here at Peaceable Paws, to help owners train their own service dogs. Not that I’m anywhere needing one yet (I hope!) but just for some fun and interesting things to train.

And I’ve accepted that my lifetime dream of having an Irish Wolfhound will probably never come to pass. Ah well, with our 30-pound Kelpie (Kai) and the 20-pound Pom/Eskimo-mix (Sunny), I’m happy to settle for smaller these days.

Author Pat Miller, CBCC-KA, CPDT‑KA, is WDJ’s Training Editor. She lives in Fairplay, Maryland, site of her Peaceable Paws training center. Miller’s newest book is Beware of the Dog: Positive Solutions for Aggressive Behavior in Dogs.

Steroids for Dogs: Pros & Cons

Steroids are perhaps one of the most ubiquitous medications in the veterinary world. They can be used for a host of problems ranging from inflammation and allergies to autoimmune disease. While they are incredibly useful and diverse medications, steroids are not without significant side effects. It is important to know why they and how they can best be used. It is also critical to realize the possible negative effects and interactions that can occur. Steroids are not benign.

Corticosteroids, as they are more correctly called, include a varied group of medications. Some of the most commonly used in veterinary medicine are:

  • Prednisone
  • Temaril-P
  • Neopredef (topical)
  • Dexamethasone
  • Dexamethasone sodium phosphate (“Dex-SP”)
  • Methylprednisolone (Depo Medrol)
  • Triamcinolone (Vetalog)

They come in many preparations including:

  • Oral
  • Injectable
  • Ophthalmic (for use in the eye)
  • Otic (ear)
  • Topical sprays and powders

Steroids exert their activity in the body in many different ways. They affect every system, which is why it is important to make sure your veterinarian is aware of any medications that you give your dog, including over-the-counter supplements or pain relievers.

Steroids for Dogs: Overview

Steroids are very useful and important medications. But, as with any medication, using them correctly is critical to success. They have many side effects. Make sure to work closely with your veterinarian to ensure that steroids are the best option, as many medications are now available to take their place. If your veterinarian recommends or prescribes a corticosteroid, it is important to:

  1. Make sure you have informed your vet about every drug and supplement you give your dog, to ensure there are no adverse drug reactions caused by incompatible medications.
  2. Be sure you understand the dosing amounts and schedule, particularly when it comes to “weaning” your dog off of the medication.
  3. Don’t ask or allow your veterinarian to prescribe steroids for the long-term management of allergies; this use in particular can cause the development of other, even more serious health problems. Allergies are better addressed by applying oneself to discovering the offending allergen(s) and managing your dog’s exposure and using steroids only to control an acute flare-up of a “hot spot,” for example, and just on a short-term basis.

What Do Steroids do for Dogs?

Steroids for Itching Dogs

One of the most general uses of steroids is in fighting “the itch” (pruritus) caused by allergies. Allergies are common in dogs, especially breeds like Boxers, Labradors, Maltese, West Highland White Terriers, Bulldogs, and pit bulls. These allergies can be food- and flea-related, or caused by seasonal allergens – a condition called atopy.

The mechanism by which steroids control itching is complicated, but it includes decreasing the number of allergen-fighting cells (mast cells) in circulation and suppressing release of histamine. Histamine is one of the substances that leads to the formation of itchy hives and wheals.

For allergies, only short-term doses of steroids are recommended. Itching should be controlled while the inciting cause is identified and secondary infections treated, and then the steroids should be tapered off slowly. Newer drugs such as Apoquel (oral) and Cytopoint (injection) are slowly supplanting the regular use of steroids for itching.

The most commonly used oral steroids for allergies are prednisone and Temaril-P. Some veterinarians use longer-acting injections such as Vetalog, as well. Long-acting steroid injections can cause more pronounced side effects than their oral counterparts. Their use is becoming less common as other methods of itch control and more allergy management options become available. Topical steroids for both the skin and ears have extensive uses and may prove to be a better option than oral medications, as they cause fewer side effects. Topical use can decrease inflammation and itching. This is important within the ear canal, as less inflammation allows ear medications to penetrate deeper. It also damps down itching, so dogs are not continuously self-traumatizing.

steroids for dogs

Inflammatory Conditions

In conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), steroid-responsive meningitis, and intervertebral disc disease, inflammatory cells dominate, causing redness, swelling, and pain. Steroids decrease inflammation by lowering white blood cell release from the bone marrow, among several other pathways.

This effect is helpful for addressing IBD and steroid-responsive meningitis. Doctors find steroids useful for treating intervertebral disc disease in humans and, anecdotally, some veterinarians report success with steroids for the same condition in their canine patients. However, the scientific literature isn’t really clear either way. The anti-inflammatory dose of steroids is generally fairly low, but side effects are still noted. Prednisone is used most often for this problem.

Canine Autoimmune Disease

Steroids for Dogs

Autoimmune (AI) disease, a general term describing a variety of ways that the body attacks itself, is common in dogs. The triggers for AI disease are poorly understood. Some antibiotics like cephalosporins have been implicated, as well as vaccines. Cancer also can induce autoimmune processes. In most cases, an underlying cause is never identified.

The list of autoimmune diseases are too numerous for this article, but they can affect all of the organ systems in the body, including the skin, brain, blood cells, joints, and other internal organs. Some of the more commonly seen disorders in veterinary medicine are immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA), immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP), brain and spinal cord diseases such as meningitis, and skin diseases like pemphigus foliaceous and lupoid onychodystrophy.

ITP is an example of a well-known and frequently seen autoimmune disease, in which the body turns its defenses on its own platelets. Platelets are important in the first step of clotting. As the body attacks and destroys them, the platelet numbers drop rapidly. Bruises become visible on the skin and gums.

dog with pemphigus foliaceous

Steroids treat this and other immune diseases by suppressing the body’s immune system, its natural defense against infection and illness. In these cases, steroids are started at very high levels (as much as 2 to 4 mg/kg body per day). As the symptoms improve, the steroids are slowly tapered to the lowest dose possible. This is to keep the autoimmune disease in check while avoiding the worst side effects of steroids. Most dogs with an autoimmune disease will remain on steroids or other immunosuppressive medication for life.

Addison’s Disease

Another common condition in dogs is Addison’s disease. The body of a dog with Addison’s does not produce enough steroids and/or mineralocorticoids (responsible for water and electrolyte balance within the body). Cortisol and mineralocorticoids are essential for life, and when a dog’s body is not producing them, serious illness results.

The general symptoms of Addison’s are waxing and waning GI signs: weight loss, vomiting, diarrhea, and picky appetite. Addison’s is often called the “great pretender” because it can look like many other diseases and can be difficult to diagnose. In these cases, steroids are indicated to replace those that the body is not making, as well as supplementation with a medication called Percorten or Florinef to replace the other corticoids.

A few rare dogs with Addison’s can be maintained on Percorten alone; however, in times of stress or illness, they would require prednisone as well. Some dogs are affected by atypical Addison’s disease, in which only the cortisol levels are low. These patients can be even more difficult to diagnose, as the characteristic electrolyte changes on bloodwork are absent. Once diagnosed, these dogs must remain on a steroid for the rest of their lives. In this case, the steroids are usually administered on a twice daily to daily basis. The most commonly used steroid for this is prednisone, an inexpensive tablet.

Steroids for Dogs with Lymphoma and Other Cancers

Several cancers respond to steroids by shrinking. Lymphoma is a frequent cancer of dogs. The earliest symptoms are usually general malaise and enlarged peripheral lymph nodes (found underneath the jaw, in front of the shoulder blade, in the groin area, and behind the knee). Lymphoma is highly sensitive to chemotherapy and carries a good prognosis if treated aggressively.

Many owners opt for palliative care however, for a variety of reasons, including cost and concern for quality of life. Prednisone is an excellent palliative agent for lymphoma and can often keep it in remission for weeks to months. However, it is important to know that prednisone will interfere with chemotherapy. If your dog has been diagnosed with lymphoma, and you are considering chemotherapy, prednisone should not be started until speaking with an oncologist.

Many other cancers are often treated with oral steroids, as well. These are usually used adjunct to chemotherapy and/or radiation. Doses are higher than with anti-inflammation and anti-pruritus, usually in the range of 2 mg/kg of body weight per day or higher.

When Should Steroids Not Be Used on Dogs?

There are many cases where steroids are not an appropriate treatment. For some of the following examples, steroids remain controversial. Some veterinarians continue to use them based on years of experience (anecdotal), while others have discontinued use based on the same reasoning. Scientific data is somewhat conflicting and lacking on the subject, but these are the most current thoughts on steroid in certain situations:

Treatment for Shock

Steroids were once a common and well-accepted treatment in cases of shock. For example, if a dog was hit by a car, one of the first ministrations would be a large dose of steroids given by injection.

Over the years, it has become apparent in human medicine that steroids during shock are not helpful and are likely detrimental. They can downregulate important enzymes throughout the body, leading to worsening of low oxygen conditions (hypoxia, present during shock). This can lead to kidney and gastrointestinal damage as evidenced by bloody diarrhea and vomiting.

Steroids should no longer be used to treat shock. Instead, treatment should focus on oxygen therapy, pain relief, control of hemorrhage, and intravenous (IV) fluids.In Combination with NSAIDs

In Combination with NSAIDs

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are very common in veterinary medicine and have a similar action in certain parts of the body. NSAIDs include meloxicam, carprofen, deracoxib, firocoxib, and several others. Using them with steroids can compound negative side effects and lead to gastrointestinal ulcers, hemorrhage, kidney damage, and in extreme cases, death. They should almost never be administered in tandem. The one exception is in the case of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA). Patients with IMHA are prone to blood clot formation, so while steroids are used for immuno-suppression, very low dose aspirin also may be used to prevent clot formation. If a switch is required between these drugs, a wash-out period of at least two to three days is recommended to avoid these interactions. It is also critical to tell your veterinarian if you are administering any medications to your dog, especially over-the-counter pain relievers like canine aspirin (or human aspirin).

Snakebites

Even today, steroids are still used to treat snakebite victims. It has become apparent through research that steroids do not provide much (if any) benefit for these patients. The cases in which they might be useful are upper airway swelling as occurs with a bite to the mouth or neck or during an allergic reaction to antivenin. Otherwise, steroids are not indicated.

Side Effects of Steroids on Dogs

There are many well-known side effects of steroids. In the short term, dogs will drink and urinate excessively. A previously house-trained dog may start having accidents in the house. Dogs also will eat more. Often, heavy panting occurs. Restlessness and pacing are also side effects. Occasionally, dogs will behave in an agitated or aggressive way (the well-known “‘roid rage” syndrome noted in humans). If steroids are used long term, symptoms become more pronounced, and your dog may develop iatrogenic (caused by medication) Cushing’s disease.

Steroids for Dogs

Cushing’s disease occurs naturally when the adrenal glands overproduce cortisol (it is the opposite of Addison’s disease), the body’s natural steroid. This can occur due to either a brain tumor called a pituitary adenoma or an adrenal tumor. The symptoms of Cushing’s are weight gain, hair loss, panting, restlessness, frequent skin and urinary tract infections, and dramatic increases in urination and drinking. If oral or injectable steroids are administered frequently over extended periods of time, this syndrome can occur. Discontinuation of the steroids will reverse this.

Steroids should never be stopped abruptly. When steroids are taken orally or by injection, the body’s natural steroid levels drop. If the exogenous (originating from outside the body) source is stopped, the body needs time to recover and resume making its own (endogenous) cortisol. In this gap, patients can develop a steroid insufficiency and exhibit signs of Addison’s disease: vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, and anorexia. Because of this, steroids should always be tapered slowly. Most courses will go from twice a day, to once a day, to every other day.

Steroids are very useful and important medications. But, as with any medication, using them correctly is critical to success. They have many side effects. Make sure to work closely with your veterinarian to ensure that steroids are the best option, as many medications are now available to take their place.

Genetic Health Screening for Dogs

5

The American Pet Products Association released a report in late March revealing that spending on veterinary care by U.S. pet owners increased 7.0 percent between 2016 and 2017, from $15.95 billion to $17.07 billion. The association estimates a 6.9 percent increase in spending on veterinary care in 2018, exceeding growth estimates among all spending categories assessed.

Genetic health testing is one of the newest additions to this booming industry.

While most owners are familiar with genetic tests to determine the ancestry of mixed-breed dogs, many are not aware that a number of companies have expanded into testing for genetic health disorders. The companies typically advertise these tests as having the potential to both save money and heartache by giving owners an opportunity to prevent or detect diseases in their earliest stages, in order to add health-filled years to our beloved canine companions’ lives. But is this rosy promise even possible?

Early Days

The simplest answer is yes, but…

genetic testing for dogs

© Anton Lunkov | Dreamstime.com

A large and ever-growing number of inherited genetic disease mutations are currently known to exist in dogs and research in this emerging field continues. In a 2016 study published in PLOS One, researchers tested 7,000 dogs representing 230 breeds for 93 disease-associated variants, using a custom-designed genotyping microarray (the MyDogDNA panel test). This research revealed 15 previously undocumented risk variants in 34 breeds, bolstering the case for genetic health screening as an increasingly powerful preventative veterinary medical tool.

It is no surprise, then, that laboratories marketing direct-to-consumer genetic health testing products are popping up around the globe. However, the study’s authors noted, “Careful follow-up studies of any unexpected discoveries are essential to establish genotype-phenotype correlations, as is readiness to provide genetic counseling on their implications for the dog and its breed.” (The correlation between genotype and phenotype is a statistical relationship that predicts a physical trait or abnormality in an individual with a given mutation or a group of similar mutations.)

In a cautionary commentary published in the journal Nature in July 2018, several researchers raised important issues regarding the false hope companies are selling through genetic testing for dogs at this point in time. In this paper, it’s pointed out that no regulating body oversees this testing. In the United States, for example, the FDA plays no role in overseeing how these tests are performed, how results are validated, or the best protocol for conveying this complicated data to consumers.

This lack of oversight proved problematic for 23andMe, a human version of genetic health testing. In 2013, the FDA ordered the company to stop selling these tests, citing concerns that people might take drastic medical measures on the basis of their results or seek unnecessary treatment based on false positives. Regulators demanded evidence of the tests’ accuracy and that consumers were well-informed as to the meaning and usefulness of their results.

Alberto Gutierrez, director of the FDA’s Center for Devices and Radiological Health, said in a letter to the company, “FDA is concerned about the public health consequences of inaccurate results” from the Personal Genome Service (PGS), which is what 23andMe calls its test. Some of the intended uses of PGS were “particularly concerning,” the letter continued, because of the potential health risks that could come from a false positive or false negative. “Assessments for drug responses carry the risks that patients relying on such tests may begin to self-manage their treatments through dose changes or even abandon certain therapies depending on the outcome of the assessment,” Gutierrez wrote.

genetic testing for dogs

While 23andMe was cleared to resume selling their product, albeit under increased regulatory scrutiny, how successful these measures have been in accurately setting consumer expectations still remains to be seen.

Ironically, the website of Embark, one of the most popular companies offering direct-to-consumer genetic health testing for dogs, includes an enthusiastic customer quote exclaiming: “It’s the 23andMe for dogs!”

Yes it is. Promises, pitfalls, and all.

Experts Advise: Owners Use Caution

Just as the FDA recognized with its human counterpart, “pet genetics needs to be reined in,” according to Jessica Heckman, a veterinarian and postdoctoral associate at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, where she studies the genetics of dog behavior. She recently wrote a piece published in Undark Magazine, saying: “If not [reined in], some companies will continue to profit by selling potentially misleading and often inaccurate information; pets and their owners will suffer needlessly; and opportunities to improve pet health and even to leverage studies in dogs and cats to benefit human health might be lost.”

Discussing genetic health testing further with Dr. Heckman, she encourages consumers to explore what they want the information for and what they plan to do with it prior to investing in it. She explains: “I believe there is a bright future for genetic health testing of dogs, but we just aren’t there yet. Before we can trust these tests, the industry will have to start working harder to validate them, and until that happens, I don’t recommend that important decisions be based on them.”

Screening dogs for genetic disorders has strong potential to guide diagnosis, treatment, and breeding, but since the science and technology are currently in its nascence, too many questions remain. For starters, veterinary healthcare practitioners are left to decide when it’s valuable to screen a dog for all known genetic disorders or restrict screening to disorders recognized for a dog’s particular breed. Then, there are myriad problems that arise in the interpretation of these data.

This dilemma gets increasingly muddied when a veterinarian lacks the necessary training in genetics to make the best decision for/with a patient/client and even more so when non-scientist consumers, who are being marketed to directly by companies, are making these choices based on limited or no knowledge whatsoever. Too often, consumers are left to interpret complicated genetic health data, again based on emerging science, on their own. While many of the direct-to-consumer genetics health tests services provide some form of guidance on the results for customers, it is not the kind of in-depth genetic counseling even a highly educated dog owner requires to be able to effectively integrate these data into the veterinary care of their four-legged friend.

As just one (albeit extreme) example of what can go wrong when less-than-certain results are given to an owner with little or no guidance or counseling, the authors of the Nature article shared the story of a 13-year-old Pug who started having trouble walking and controlling her bladder and bowels.

dog jumping in snow

Then a DNA test revealed (among other things) a mutation that can – but does not always – indicate that its carrier will develop degenerative myelopathy (DM). The owners made the decision to euthanize the dog – perhaps convinced the Pug would die slowly and painfully. Sadly, the mutation for DM is far from perfectly predictive; the mutation does not guarantee a dog has the disease. It’s entirely possible that the Pug’s condition could have been successfully treated.

Mud-Free Zones?

The least muddy areas, it would seem, are genetic screens for disorders recognized for a dog’s particular breed or predominant breed if the dog is a mix. Take, for example, the Multi-Drug Resistance Gene (MDR), which codes for a protein that is responsible for protecting the brain by transporting potentially harmful chemicals away. It is currently known to affect 10 herding breeds, two sighthound breeds, and herding-breed mixed dogs.

In these dogs, an MDR1 mutation causes sensitivity to Ivermectin, Imodium, and a growing list of commonly administered drugs. Dogs that are heterozygous, or have one copy of the gene mutation, can still have a negative reaction to these drugs, but typically at higher doses. Dogs that are homozygous, carrying two copies of the mutation, experience buildup of toxins that results in neurological symptoms, such as seizures, ataxia, or even death.

Since this mutation is most concentrated in Collies, with as many as 70 percent affected, when I added a smooth-coated Collie to my crew a few years back, I became keenly aware of this issue and had him tested through Washington State University’s Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory.

Turns out he’s heterozygous at MDR1 and as a result, I stay up to date on the list of drugs to steer clear of and remind my vet of his status whenever we discuss treatment options for him to be sure both of us are keeping a lookout for his best health.

Popular Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Health Testing Services

Embark

Embark uses a proprietary SNP-chip (single nucleotide polymorphism) that evaluates 200,000 locations across your dog’s genome, allowing for comprehensive results on disease risks and traits, testing for over 160 mutations associated with genetic diseases from DNA acquired through a cheek swab. The company works directly with consumers and in partnership with veterinarians.

The Good: Each mutation is queried two to eight times and examined by a team of geneticists and veterinarians to ensure accuracy. As a research partner of the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Embark is committed to the continued development of the emerging science of genetic health information and shares updated information with consumers as it becomes available.

The Questionable: The mapping of genetic variants to the risk of disease is incredibly challenging and currently based on a nascent science with a lot of noise in the interpretation of the data. As a result, when a dog tests positive for a health risk mutation, owners need to receive these data with skepticism and discuss these results with their veterinarian. While Embark communicates this, it takes a lot of digging to find. The upfront marketing by all of the companies providing this service, lends the impression that their results are much stronger than they actually are.

Wisdom Panel

The health panel offered through Wisdom looks for 3,000 genetic markers, incorporating the MyDogDNA test from Genoscoper Laboratories of Finland. Their mail-in cheek swab tests for breed identification while also screening for the mutations associated with multidrug sensitivity and exercise-induced collapse.

Blood tests that provide breed identification and screening for more than 140 mutations and markers associated with various disorders are available through Banfield Pet Hospital, a Mars Petcare subsidiary, and through veterinarians who offer a test from Royal Canin, another Mars Petcare subsidiary.

The Good: The tests for MDR1 are licensed through Washington State University (WSU), which is the only entity licensed to perform stand-alone MDR1 genotyping in the United States. According to WSU: “Unless testing is conducted by Washington State University’s Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory or its licensee Wisdom Health, Washington State University cannot control quality and accuracy of results. Consumers may risk receiving inaccurate results.”

This is particularly important because three different mutations have been associated with this deleterious phenotype, but many genetic-testing companies indicate that they may test for only one. “Thus, a dog declared ‘clear’ for a given gene might still harbor other known, clinically relevant mutations in that gene that the company has not tested for,” according to the paper published in Nature.

The Questionable: If an owner chooses to seek more genetic health information via the blood test route, the testing is guided by a veterinarian at Banfield, a Mars Petcare subsidiary. The blood is then sent to be analyzed by Wisdom, a Mars Petcare subsidiary, and the results interpreted for you by that veterinarian at a hospital owned by Banfield – again, a Mars Petcare subsidiary. This represents a possible conflict of interest.

The authors of the paper in Nature highlight the problems that could arise, given the lack of regulation in the industry, saying: “If the test comes back positive, the clinic’s vet might recommend preventive steps, such as specific pet foods (made by the same company), periodic screening tests (performed by the company’s clinical lab), and more-frequent exams (performed at the company’s vet clinics), even though there may be low or no risk of disease in the first place.”

Vet Programs That Offer Genetic Tests for Dogs

Reputable genetics health tests are offered through a variety of veterinary programs,
offering in-depth consulting from experts in veterinary genetics. However, the tests
offered are breed and disease specific, limiting their usefulness to a subset of dog
owners. Note: This is not intended to be an exhaustive list, but were the most often
referenced by veterinarians consulted about genetics laboratories they trusted and
utilized most often.

LABORATORY WEBPAGE AVAILABLE TESTS
University of California at Davis Dog DNA Tests Twenty-two individual tests,
plus 28 breed-specific tests and
groupings
North Carolina State Veterinary Genetics Laboratory Four breed-specific tests for
heart disease and two for
neurologic diseases
Washington State University Multidrug Sensitivity in Dogs Multidrug sensitivity only
Orthopedic Foundation for
Animals (OFA)
Canine Health Information Center Offers testing for 18 genetic
diseases. They also provide a list
of all currently available DNA
tests by breed, including which
laboratories offer each test.

What’s A Concerned Owner to Do?

Figuring out where to get good, reliable genetic health information and how to get the most accurate interpretation of the results that is currently available requires a bit of digging, a fair amount of skepticism, and a willingness to ask questions.

While arguably much of the onus is on science and industry to deliver clear and accurate genetic information to the public, as consumers it is our job to be skeptics and demand products of the highest caliber from companies. We need strong data that we can understand, evaluate, and utilize effectively. That may seem like a tall order, but where the health of my dogs is concerned, I refuse to settle for less.

In May 2017, recognizing the increasing numbers of new DNA tests and testing laboratories and the challenge of choosing the best versions of these tests, the International Partnership for Dogs (IPFD) launched an open-access database, the “Harmonization of Genetic Testing for Dogs“. The goal is to make accessing detailed, breed-specific information on genetic traits, including original research and mutation information, less time-consuming and difficult. The new database:

  • Catalogs available genetic tests for hundreds of dog breeds and varieties.
  • Helps consumers make informed choices when buying DNA tests by describing the expertise, quality-assurance activities, and resources of the providers of genetic tests.
  • Describes clinical and genetic information on individual genetic tests and their use.
  • Provides information on the original science and research behind genetic tests.
  • Includes basic guides for consumers on types of tests as well as testing information to aid veterinary professionals in advising clients.

The database is overseen by a multiple-stakeholder steering committee with funding for the prototype of this online resource provided by IPFD Founding Partners, the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals, and the American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation.

The resource is still in an early prototype stage, however, so consumers are left to wait and see how useful it ultimately becomes.

Genetic health information is an incredibly promising emerging field grounded in a science that is rapidly developing. As the authors of the commentary in Nature aptly stated: “Done right, the use of genetic testing in companion animals could be a powerful way to better connect people to the possibilities of genetics for treating disease. Done wrong, it could erode trust in science for an increasingly skeptical public.”

GENETIC TESTING FOR DOGS: OVERVIEW

1. Genetic health testing is an emerging field. The tests that have been around the longest, such as the multi-drug resistance genetic test (MDR1), tend to be the most reliable.

2. If your dog’s results contain a mutation that suggest the potential for development of a specific disease, contact the company and ask for additional interpretation and guidance about the relative risks indicated, and discuss this with your veterinarian.

Citations

1. Donner J, Kaukonen M, Anderson H, Möller F, Kyöstilä K, Sankari S, et al. (2016)
Genetic Panel Screening of Nearly 100 Mutations Reveals New Insights into the
Breed Distribution of Risk Variants for Canine Hereditary Disorders.” PLOS ONE
11(8): e0161005.
2. Zierath S, Hughes AM, Fretwell N, Dibley M, Ekenstedt KJ. “Frequency of
five disease-causing genetic mutations in a large mixed-breed dog population
(2011-2012).” Wade C, ed. PLOS ONE. 2017;12(11):e0188543.
3. Moses L, Niemi S, and Karlsson E. “Pet genomics medicine runs wild.” Nature,
July 25, 2018.

Kathryn Socie-Dunning lives in Montana with her husband, their newborn baby boy, and three dogs.

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