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What Are the Five Golden Rules of Dog Training?

By
Debby McMullen, CDBC
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1
The five golden rules of dog training provide consistent positive reinforcement.
With positive reinforcement, you must distribute reinforcement properly and consistently. Credit: Benixs | Getty Images

Michigan State University (MSU) trains its athletes using five golden rules as a guideline to ensure positive reinforcement works. Not only do we think these five golden rules are excellent for human athletes, but we found that the coaching advice can apply to dog training as well. MSU’s five golden rules of positive reinforcement are:

 

  • Planning
  • Contingency
  • Parsimony
  • Necessity
  • Distribution

Now let’s look at how that we adopted MSU’s coaching advice to apply to positive reinforcement dog training.

Dog Training Golden Rule No. 1: Planning

Clearly identify the behaviors that you want to increase and reinforce. This is dog behavior modification 101. Knowing what behaviors that you want to work toward will help you move forward better. You should also know what each step will look like. With many behaviors that you want to train, you may need to break it into smaller steps, depending on the dog in question. Expecting to modify a behavior all in one fell sweep can create frustration on both sides of the equation.

Dog Training Golden Rule No. 2: Contingency

This involves reinforcement, which starts with marking the behavior that you want or the individual step forward toward the behavior modification. Be mindful that the dog in question is first understanding the role of the marker (whether that be a clicker or a verbal marker) and second having the marked behavior immediately reinforced. Most of the time, this will involve a tasty treat, but there are other reinforcers that can be used. That will depend on the dog, the environment, and the practicality of what is most reinforcing to that dog at that moment.

Dog Training Golden Rule No. 3: Parsimony

This one is a little confusing. One of the published meanings of “parsimony” is the scientific principle that things are connected in the simplest manner. When implementing dog behavior-modification techniques, this means the marker, whether it be the clicker or the verbal marker, that you use when the dog performs the behavior that you are looking for or the next step in the behavior that you want to move toward. Personally, I use the marker word “yes!” but you can use any word that you do not use regularly in conversation, or you can use a clicker. The timing is what matters as well as the dog’s understanding that hearing that word means that the action performed at that moment is desirable and will be reinforced.

Dog Training Golden Rule No. 4: Necessity

This one may sound easy, but it’s not. It relates to reinforcement directly from the behavior. For example, if a dog is worried about new humans but is also interested in learning about such, reinforcement coming directly from the behavior that you want more of can come in the form of being able to approach the new person to sniff for information gathering purposes, while being ignored by that person. Then being permitted to walk away to process that information. Those actions are self-reinforcing and allow the dog to learn to feel safer.

Dog Training Golden Rule No. 5: Distribution

This one is easy. Distribute reinforcement properly. Don’t be stingy, especially in the earlier stages of learning. You can be random later, when you are sure that solid learning has taken place. Reinforcement must be worth the dog’s efforts to effectively move forward. This is one of the subjects that I spend so much time stressing to clients. If your reinforcers are not getting your dog’s attention sufficiently, they will not success in the manner that you hope for. Be generous, please!

To sum up, take stock of your training plan regularly to make sure that you are effectively hitting each point properly. Set your dog up for success! Never use aversive or “balanced” training methods. You won’t regret the time spent doing things correctly.

Therapeutic Laser Therapy for Dogs

By
Kate Basedow, LVT
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0
Cold laser therapy for dogs is a treatment for healing wounds faster and treating sore muscles.
Laser therapy is an effective, proven treatment for dogs, especially for healing wounds and treating sore muscles. Credit: Westend61 | Getty Images

Laser therapy for dogs can help with pain and inflammation in dogs with arthritis or acute injuries. Laser treatments might be recommended if your dog is sore, has a pulled muscle, or has injured his back. The injury just needs to be close enough to the skin for the laser light to reach. Note: The term “cold” laser therapy may still be used but is outdated. Laser therapy generates heat in the body’s tissues.

Accelerated healing may be the most exciting thing that laser can do. It is safe to use on incisions immediately after surgery, and some veterinary facilities even do the first treatment while the dog is still under anesthesia. It is also great for superficial wounds and pressure sores. The laser light increases circulation in the area, speeding up the healing process.

If your dog has undergone orthopedic or back surgery, laser treatments will likely be part of his rehab plan. The laser will accelerate healing of the incision, reduce inflammation in the area, and provide some pain relief. It also helps resolve edema because of the increased circulation.

What Is Laser Therapy for Dogs?

Laser therapy is the use of light to change the body in desired ways. The formal term for this is “photobiomodulation.” Light enters tissue, interacts with parts of the cell, and causes changes.

Depending on the type of light used, the power of the beam, and the wavelength(s) present in the beam, photons affect receptors, enzymes, organelles, ion channels, or molecules within cells.

Laser light is special because a laser is a single wavelength in a targeted beam. This is why laser pointers are so precise, whereas a flashlight casts a wide cone of light. The targeted nature of a laser beam allows us to aim it in specific areas. Different wavelengths can penetrate deeper into tissue, so the location of the injury within the body will direct which wavelength needs to be used to get the desired effect.

What Laser Therapy Can Do for Your Dog

Laser treatments can help dogs in a variety of ways:

  • Relieve pain
  • Accelerate healing
  • Reduce inflammation

Therapeutic, Healing Lasers for Dogs

The modern lasers used today in veterinary physical rehabilitation are Class 3B and Class 4 lasers. These devices are not “cold” lasers. They generate heat within the tissue. They do not cut like surgical lasers do, but they can still cause irritation and damage if used inappropriately.

Most dogs tolerate laser treatments extremely well, but dogs with pale or sensitive skin may develop a rash. For these dogs, tweaking the settings or lowering the dosage usually resolves the issue.

If your dog has a tattoo for identification or to indicate that she has been spayed, she will not be able to receive laser treatments in that area. The ink in tattoos heats up rapidly under the laser and quickly becomes painful.

While the phrase “cold laser” is still sometimes used to differentiate between therapeutic lasers and surgical lasers, the lasers used by vets today are higher powered and more effective.

There is one major limitation to what laser therapy can do: depth. Light can only pass so deep into tissue, and while some wavelengths can travel deeper than others, they still can’t get far. Laser is perfect for wounds and superficial joints such as the carpus or elbow but cannot reach deeper areas such as the hip joint.

When NOT to Use Laser Therapy for Dogs

Increased circulation is not always a good thing. Laser treatments are not a good choice in areas that have tumors or masses, or overactive infections. In both cases, the laser could be problematic and encourage spread of the infection or increased growth of cancer.

Laser also should not be done near the eye, as the laser beams can damage the retina and potentially cause vision loss or blindness. Your rehab practitioner will wear protective goggles and provide them for you if you are present during treatment sessions. Even with the special glasses on, do not shine the laser into your eye.

Protective goggles for dogs can be used if desired, but dogs are much less likely to look at the laser and don’t necessarily need goggles.

Tips for Canine Laser-Therapy Success

To ensure that your dog gets the most out of his laser treatments:

  1. Seek out a rehab practitioner who has a certification or other specialized training in sports medicine and rehab.
  2. Say yes to shaving. Hair absorbs some of the laser light, preventing those photons from reaching the target tissue. In some dogs, it may be possible to part the hair enough to access the skin, but shaving is often the best way to guarantee good penetration. He may have a weird haircut, but it will grow back!
  3. Keep your dog’s skin clean and dry. Like hair, dirt and moisture both absorb some of the light particles.
  4. If your dog doesn’t like to be still, try to find a facility with a Class 4 laser. These lasers have higher power capabilities than Class 3B, so your dog can get the same dosage in a shorter treatment time.

Research is ongoing to determine the best treatment settings and duration for various health problems in dogs. As we learn more, your rehab practitioner will continue to tweak your dog’s treatments to meet his needs and give him the most benefit.

Is Cold Laser Therapy a Hoax?

Nope! Therapeutic lasers do provide real benefits for our dogs. That said, laser is not a miracle cure-all. Laser light can only reach tissues close to the surface of the body and can be blocked by hair, moisture, and debris. Laser therapy is usually used as part of a larger treatment plan for your dog’s condition.

Your dog will also get the most benefit from professional-grade devices used by a trained veterinarian or veterinary technician. While over-the-counter laser devices are available for home use, they vary widely in quality and are not as strong. LED light devices do not have the same characteristics as lasers, and don’t give the same amount of control.

What Is the Best Meat for Dogs?

By
Dr. Mary Cope, PhD
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0
The best meat for dogs is a diet that includes balanced nutrition.
Choices about raw vs. cooked vs. commercial dog food should be made with the help of what your dog needs and guidance from your veterinarian. Credit: CMann | Getty Images

When thinking about what to feed dogs, meat seems like the obvious choice. As descendants of wolves, dogs have retained many of the physical traits and digestive capabilities that make them well-suited to a diet rich in animal proteins. Yet modern dog nutrition offers a wide range of options, leaving many owners to wonder what the best option for their dog is.

It’s important to understand that dogs can eat cooked meat and, for many, it is a safe and convenient way to provide your dog with essential nutrients and a tasty treat. Cooked lean meats like chicken, turkey, beef, lamb, and pork are highly digestible and palatable for most dogs. Many home-cooked meals and commercial foods are based on cooked meat for exactly this reason.

However, it is crucial to remember that feeding plain cooked meat alone, especially just muscle cuts like chicken breast or ground beef, does not provide your dog with complete nutrition. Dogs also need essential vitamins, minerals, and fats, many of which come from bones, organs, and outside supplementation.

Best Raw Meat for Dogs

Many owners believe raw meat is best for their dogs. A properly formulated raw diet typically includes raw muscle meat, bone, organ meats such as kidney and liver, and sometimes vegetables and supplements. Advocates of raw feeding believe it mirrors what dogs’ ancestors would eat in the wild and argue that it promotes healthier skin, smaller stools, better dental health, and increased vitality.

Raw diets can offer excellent results for some dogs, especially when carefully balanced and sourced from high-quality ingredients. However, raw feeding is not without risks and challenges. Raw meat can carry bacteria that pose not only a risk to dogs, but to the humans handling the food as well, especially for children or for those with weakened immune systems. Dogs are generally more resistant to these pathogens than humans, thanks to their acidic stomach acids and short digestive tracts, however, they can still become ill or shed bacteria in their saliva or feces.

A Variety of Meat Is Key for Dogs

When it comes to choosing the best type of meat for your dog, variety is key. Both raw and cooked diets can benefit from incorporating different meats, each offering unique nutrients. For example, chicken and turkey are lean and easy to digest, beef offers high levels of zinc and iron, lamb in rich in fat-soluble vitamins, and fish, like salmon, provide omega-3 fatty acids fatty acids essential for skin and joint health.

Many dogs that have food sensitivities react poorly to chicken, turkey, lamb, and beef. For these dogs, trying meats like venison, bison, kangaroo, rabbit, and alligator may prevent negative reactions.

Is Raw or Cooked Meat Better for a Dog?

Ultimately, there is no one-size-fits-all answer to whether raw or cooked meat is better for dogs. The best approach is one that fits your dog’s health needs, your lifestyle, and your ability to consistently feed a complete and balanced diet. Some dogs thrive on balanced home-cooked meals, others do exceptionally well on raw, and many do great on commercial diets with high meat inclusions. What matters most is nutritional adequacy, food safety, and attention to your dog’s individual needs.

If you are considering a change in diet to prioritize meat, consult your veterinarian or a board-certified nutritionist to design a meal plan that ensures your dog gets everything they need to live a healthy, happy life.

What’s Your Dog Pet Peeve?

By
Nancy Kerns
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13
What behavior does your dog have that drives you slightly crazy?
This is how Woody prefers to greet people—or maybe I should say, have people greet him! But not everyone likes straddling a big dog.

I recently fostered a dog who first greeted me at the shelter that I sprung her from by jumping up on me. Front or back, it made no difference to her what side of the human was presented to her, she was just delirious with joy that someone opened her kennel gate and was paying attention to her. I spent the first two days with her almost exclusively working on preventing her from jumping (by standing on her leash at a length that did not prevent her from standing and moving, but wouldn’t allow her to leap up at me) and generously reinforcing her for not jumping (by quickly putting my hands on her and giving her massive amounts of petting and attention when she remained calm and had all four paws on the floor, and by tossing treats on the ground to direct more of her attention to lower altitudes).

However, when I introduced her to a friend, and my friend immediately held her arms out and greeted the dog’s enthusiastic jump up with a big hug, petting, and cooing, I was reminded once again that everyone likes different things about dogs!

I really, really, dislike it when big dogs jump on people! And while I feel like small dogs who jump up on people have a better excuse for doing so, I’m not a fan of sharp little nails scratching my legs, either! But I have lots of friends who not only don’t mind when dogs jump up on them, they encourage it! Ack!

However, I have to admit that my dog Woody has a behavior quirk that has always amused me, and is very much not appreciated by many other people: He likes to walk straight up to people and walk though their legs. He’ll stop halfway through, wagging his tail furiously, hoping that the person will reach down and scratch his butt. It’s his favorite way to greet people—but not many people appreciate being greeted by having a big old Pit Bull head coming straight at their crotch! And he’s nearly knocked over a few shorter people, and taken a few kids for a short ride!

Of course, when we’re in public, I prevent Woody from greeting people in this way. And when folks come to my house, I have to judge whether they are capable of either telling Woody “Off!” or if I need to put him on a leash or behind a gate. I would never let him near my beloved 94-year-old neighbor, for example, but the guy who came to trim some of our trees was sturdy enough and seemed comfortable with the dogs; I just told him he could just tell Woody “Off!” and the dog would leave him alone. He did tell Woody “Off!” and Woody did leave him alone—but did he (or some of my other friends) leave my house that day saying to themselves, “Sheesh, she’s a dog trainer? Her dog’s behavior is awful!”

People also have very different reactions to barking. My sister barely seems to notice when one, two, or all three of her small dogs are barking, but I can’t even talk to her on the phone (much less in person) when I hear them in the background bark, bark, barking at something. I often have to interrupt her to say, “Go see what they are barking at!”

Licking is another deal-breaker for me. I don’t like being licked by dogs—not even my own dogs! But lots of my friends don’t seem bothered by it at all.

What canine behaviors are deal-breakers for you? And what behaviors do you tolerate that you think other people really don’t like?

Why Do Dogs Wink?

By
Dr. Debra M. Eldredge, DVM
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0
Dog winks and blinks can be used to communicate with your dog.
Looking in your dog’s eyes is a big part of training, and most dogs will respond by looking at you. Some dogs will also slow blink, or even a wink, in their attempt to connect with you. Credit: Olga Pankova | Getty Images

While you may have noticed your dog wink at you, really, few dogs wink with one eye. It’s certainly possible that a dog may accidentally or momentarily wink at you, especially if he has something in his eye, but it’s unusual.

If you do catch it and can click and reward (a positive reinforcement of the movement), you might be able to teach your dog to wink. Otherwise, focus on your dog’s blink. Many trainers have long recognized the communication significance of your dog blinking at or with you, however.

Research on Dog Blinks

A research study from the University of Parma in Italy reinforces what dog trainers have known. The researchers started by making videos of some lucky dogs staring at toys or treats (I assume the dogs got the rewards at some point!). The videos were edited to show blinking or nose licking (the other sort of appeasement behavior the researchers were studying) occurring every 4 seconds.

Then, a group of pet dogs were drafted to watch the videos (no popcorn). The 54 canine “volunteers” wore heart monitors to check their physiological reactions plus were videoed to see if they blinked in response to the dog on the video.

Some dogs quickly became bored and napped. The dogs who stayed awake blinked about 16% more while watching the dogs on screen blinking than at other times.

The lead researcher, Chiara Canori, an evolutionary biologist, felt that the dogs who blinked more were mimicking the other dog. She said this could be an unconscious response as opposed to intentional “synchronized blinking.”

Interestingly, the dogs did not respond to the nose licking with licking of their own. They tended to show more of the whites of their eyes during that activity. That is a behavior commonly associated with strong emotions, but these dogs stayed quiet. Another conundrum for behaviorists.

Slow Blink to Your Dog

Now, those of us who survived long novice obedience stays across the ring, and even today with our shorter distance stays, have often used a slow blink to communicate to our dogs that we are still connected. We’re communicating that we are still in this together. This research supports what we have done somewhat intuitively. Blinking may be part of dog language. They’re communicating a calm, relaxed “we are here together” relationship.

The slow blink could also be used with strange dogs or when meeting new, nervous dogs. I believe it’s important that we use a slow blink. A rapid blink conveys fear and concern, like the flight reflex about to go full bore. A slow blink, coupled with relaxed posture, conveys calmness and support.

I do a slow blink with my dogs in potentially stressful situations, sometimes even if they are at my side. They often return that slow blink. To be honest, I think it calms me, whether it helps them or not. It is certainly a simple and easy calming technique to try with your own dog.

Why Is My Dog Acting Weird?

By
Debby McMullen, CDBC
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1
Your dog may be acting weird all of a sudden for health or other reasons that shouldn't be ignored.
If your dog is acting weird, pay attention. Whether he is sick or frightened or otherwise bothered by something, it’s critical to determine why. Credit: Capuski | Getty Images

There are so many reasons that your dog may act weird and suddenly scared.  Some of them are behavioral and others can be medical. The most important thing is that you should never ignore it. Some changes may be due to medical emergencies. Others may be behavioral, but the bottom line is that a dog acting weird is trying to communicate with you. Let’s explore those together.

 

Your dog is suddenly pacing: This one can be either behavioral or medical.

Medical causes of pacing can include bloat, which may fit the observation that “my dog keeps moving around and can’t get comfortable.”  This one is a medical emergency and if you suspect this at all, immediately to an animal emergency center—call ahead to say you’re on the way.

Additional medical causes of pacing may include gastrointestinal discomfort such as digestive issues and doggy dementia or canine cognitive disorder (CCD). This last one more typically happens at night.

Behavioral causes of pacing can include anxiety over a sound, smell, or even a tactile concern; boredom; hunger; attention seeking; needing to go outside to eliminate. The context needs to be examined to determine what the cause is, but the most common reason listed here would be needing to eliminate.

Your dog is acting drunk: This is generally going to be medical.

Possible medical causes include ingestion of a substance that is toxic in some way, such as cannabis, psychotropic mushrooms, or alcohol. It could also be due to an inner ear infection, a stroke, vestibular disease, brain tumors, or head injuries. In these circumstances, medical treatment is necessary. In some of these circumstances, emergency medical treatment is necessary.

Your dog is restless: This is generally behavioral but can also fall into the medical category as well.

Behavioral causes of restlessness can include normal adolescent dogs who are getting insufficient enrichment and exercise. Restlessness from a behavioral cause will typically include being fussy/busy and attention seeking behavior, possible destructiveness as well as more zoomies than normal for your dog.

Medical causes of restlessness can include bloat, adrenal diseases including Addison’s and Cushing’s, and CCD. Pain can also cause restlessness.

Your dog is just acting weird: One would need to define weird. Out of the ordinary can be weird, but there are varying degrees of such. This can be either behavioral or medical.

Behavioral causes of acting weird can include loud noises like thunderstorms or fireworks, smelling something out of the ordinary that is frightening to your dog, environmental changes such as routines suddenly being different or even moving to a new home, general anxiety, or a lack of enrichment/exercise.

Medical causes of acting weird can include gastrointestinal distress, discomfort or pain, illnesses, CCD, abd failing senses.

The most important thing in determining whether your dog’s weird behavior is medical is behavioral is knowing your dog. Our dogs cannot tell us directly what is wrong. It behooves us as their caretakers to know what is and isn’t normal for our dogs.

From that starting point, we can examine the potential causes and determine whether a visit to the veterinarian is in order or whether to call in a behavior professional. Be mindful that some of the listed causes are medical emergencies. You are your dog’s voice. Take it from that point and decide.

Is There a “Plan B” for Dogs?

By
Dr. Mary Cope, PhD
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0
There is no plan b for dogs currently.
Unwanted puppies happen, but until there is a viable plan b for dogs, your veterinarian and spaying are your best resources.

Many people wonder if there is a canine equivalent to the human “Plan B” pill to combat unwanted pregnancy in dogs. While the idea of an emergency contraceptive for dogs seems logical, there is currently no over the counter or approved oral medication like the human Plan B drug levonorgestrel available for dogs in the United States.

In some countries, veterinarians can use a drug called Alizin (aglepristone), which acts by blocking the hormone progesterone, effectively terminating early pregnancy in dogs. It is only available through a veterinary prescription and, when administered within the first 45 days after mating, Alizin can be effective in safely ending a pregnancy under professional supervision.

Ways to Terminate Pregnancy in Dogs

Since Alizin is not approved for use here, veterinarians and owners must rely on other options. These can include the use of subcutaneously administered prostaglandins, dexamethasone, or surgical intervention, though these treatments must be carefully timed and come with potential risks. Because options are limited, prompt veterinary consultation is essential if you suspect an undesired mating has occurred.

Early Signs of Pregnancy in Dogs

The early signs of pregnancy in dogs are often subtle and easy to miss, especially if you’re not specifically looking for them. In the first few weeks, a dog may become slightly more affectionate, seem a bit lethargic, or show changes in appetite. Some may experience mild nipple enlargement or a softening of the abdomen by the third or fourth week, however, these signs vary greatly among individual dogs. An experienced veterinarian can perform a physical exam, ultrasound, or blood test to confirm whether the dog is pregnant, usually starting around day 25 after mating.

Timing Is Critical in Ending Dog’s Pregnancy

Because the options for ending a pregnancy in dogs are time-sensitive and limited in the Unites States, preventing these situations is key. Spaying female dogs is one of the most effective steps an owner can take to promote long-term health and prevent serious reproductive issues. Spaying, or an ovariohysterectomy, typically involves surgically removing the ovaries and uterus, which eliminates the risk of unplanned pregnancy. This not only spares the dog the physical demands of pregnancy and whelping, but also prevents the complications that can occur after an accidental mating. In communities where overpopulation remains a concern, spaying is a responsible act that helps reduce the number of unwanted litters and dogs entering shelters.

Good Reasons to Spay a Dog

Beyond pregnancy prevention, spaying significantly lowers the risk of a life-threatening condition called pyometra, a severe condition of the uterus that typically affects older, unspayed females. Pyometra can develop suddenly, often a few weeks after a heat cycle, and can lead to sepsis, organ failure, or death if not treated promptly, usually through emergency surgery.

Talk to your vet to determine the best age to spay your dog. The ovaries produce hormones that are crucial for proper development, especially in a large-breed dog. Allowing your dog to reach maturity with their hormones intact can help prevent orthopedic problems and some types of cancer in the future.  If you have an unspayed female dog and suspect an unwanted pregnancy has occurred, talk to your veterinarian to establish a plan of care to ensure your dog’s health and safety.

How Much Does Dog Training Cost?

By
Dan Muse
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0
How much does dog training cost? It depends on the type of training and how much is needed.
Yup, there’s one in every group. If this dog reminds you of your own, don’t despair. With a little effort, you can locate an affordable dog training class in your area. Credit: Apple Tree House | Getty Images

Everyone who owns a dog can benefit from professional training, whether it’s for basic training to taming aggression to working as a service or therapy dog.

Dog training costs can vary significantly depending on where you live and the type of training you seek. With that in mind, we worked on a solid overview of dog training costs, drawing from a variety of sources, including industry-specific websites like The Dog Alliance (a Texas-based nonprofit that provides detailed breakdowns of a wide range of dog training costs), training organizations  involved in dog trainer certification and standards, such as the Certification Council for Professional Dog Trainers (CCPDT) and the Association of Professional Dog Trainers (APDT) and aggregated information from online sources with expertise in pet care and training.

Factors that affect the cost of dog training include:

  • Specialization: Trainers specializing in specific areas, such as behavior modification or service dog training, may have higher rates.
  • Location: As with all costs of living, location plays a significant role in determining hourly rates.
  • Type of training: More complex training needs may justify a higher hourly rate.
  • Cost range: Dog training hourly rates typically fall within the $45 to $200 range. However, this is a broad estimate, and rates can vary significantly.

Budget hint: Scope out local dog training clubs, who might offer dog-training classes to non-members at a reduced rate. Group classes offer the chance to learn even more as you watch your classmates and listen to the additional instruction. You may even decide to join the club, enjoying socialization with serious dog trainers and competitors.

Private Dog Training Costs

Private dog training offers one-on-one instruction tailored to your dog’s specific needs and your training goals. This personalized approach can be highly effective, but it typically comes at a higher price than group classes.

Factors Influencing Cost

  • Trainer’s experience and credentials: Highly experienced and certified trainers typically charge more.
  • Location: Urban areas generally have higher rates than rural areas.
  • Session length and frequency: Longer or more frequent sessions will increase the overall cost but offer a lower per-class cost.
  • Training goals: Basic obedience training may cost less than addressing complex behavioral issues.
  • Travel Fees: Some trainers charge to come to your home.
  • Cost range: Private dog training costs can vary widely. Expect to pay anywhere from $45 to $200 or more per hour. The national average is often cited as $50 to $150 per hour.

Hourly Rates for Dog Training

Many dog trainers, especially those offering private lessons, charge an hourly rate. This rate reflects the trainer’s time, expertise, and the individualized attention provided. Factors that influence hourly rates trainer qualifications.

Trainers with certifications from reputable organizations and extensive experience often command higher hourly rates. Organizations offering certifications include The Certification Council for Professional Dog Trainers (CCPDT), The National Association of Dog Obedience Instructors (NADOI), The Association of Professional Dog Trainers (APDT), and The International Association of Canine Professionals (IACP).

Trainers with extensive experience and these certifications often charge more. While these groups don’t regulate pricing, you can be more confident that they promote accepted training guidelines such as:

  • Promoting ethical and humane training methods.
  • Ensuring trainers have a specific level of knowledge and skills.
  • Encouraging continuing education and professional development.

How to Find a Qualified Trainer

The CCPDT offers this advice for choosing a trainer:  The first step it says is to browse a  trainer’s website and any other marketing materials. “Does everything look and sound professional?”

The next step is to set up a phone call or in-person meeting. “Can the trainer answer your questions about training, behavior, and methods knowledgeably and clearly? Are they patient and thorough in their replies? Do you feel comfortable with them? Do they have experience working with the problems you need help with? Can they provide references from clients?”

The organization also suggests you watch for red flags. “If the trainer focuses on a model of dominance and submission—using language like “dominant” and “alpha” —or uses primarily punishment-based methods, that trainer doesn’t meet the standards of science-based training.” CCPDT also has a search function to help you find local trainers. Walk away from that trainer.

Service Dog Training Costs

Service dogs can be invaluable for dogs with anxiety, providing support through tasks like deep pressure therapy, alerting to anxiety attacks, and guiding their handler to a safe space. However, training a service dog is a complex process, which is reflected in its cost.

Factors Influencing Your Cost of Dog Training

  • Acquiring the dog: Some organizations provide service dogs at a reduced cost or even for free, while others may require you to purchase a suitable prospect.
  • Training program: Basic obedience, public-access training, and specialized task training for anxiety are all essential. Programs vary in length and intensity, affecting the overall cost.
  • Trainer expertise: Certified trainers with experience in service dog training often charge more.
  • Location: Costs tend to be higher in urban areas with a higher cost of living.
  • Cost range: Training a service dog for anxiety can range from $5,000 to $25,000 or more. This includes the following:
  • Professional training: This is often the most expensive option, involving specialized trainers and programs.
  • Owner training with professional guidance: This can be a more cost-effective option, but still requires significant time and effort, with costs for consultations and specialized training.

Dog Training Is Money Well-Spent

Ultimately, the cost of dog training is a personal investment in your dog’s well-being and your relationship with them. By carefully considering your training goals, exploring local options, and evaluating trainer qualifications, you can find a program that fits both your needs and your budget.

How to Wash Dog Beds

By
Jessica Peralta
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3
There are several tricks in knowing how to wash a dog that can make the difference in keeping it clean.
The best way to wash a specific dog bed depends a lot on what it is made of and what it’s been soiled with. Credit: Yobab | Getty Images

Sometimes dog beds get beyond dirty. Aside from the usual dirt stains and hair, they can also be subject to things like urine, poop, and blood. This can make keeping canine sleeping spots sanitary and tidy much more difficult.

So what’s the best way to wash dog beds?

Before getting started, be sure to check the material and care instructions on the dog bed. Most will be either hand- or machine-washable (we’ve run into a few that were “spot clean only” and wouldn’t recommend buying any dog bed you can’t thoroughly wash). Follow any care instructions listed—improper cleaning can damage a dog bed.

How to Wash Dog Beds

For dirt- and hair-covered dog beds, start by removing any large clumps of debris by shaking the bed. Next, vacuum the flat part of the bed using a dusting attachment. Then change to the crevice attachment to remove debris, dust, and insects from the folds and stitching. Remove stubborn patches of dirt using a toothbrush or damp paper towel or washcloth.

“Once done, the dog bed should be relatively clean now, but if you have to remove a spot or stain, try using soap and water first or a non-bleach spot treatment product,” says veterinarian Dr. Athena Gaffud. “However, if you must use a bleaching agent, use a non-chlorinated product and thoroughly rinse [the beds]. Finish by washing them at a temperature of at least 140 degrees Fahrenheit—if the fabric can stand it.”

The purpose behind soaking the bed entirely in boiling water is to kill pests and their larvae.

How To Clean a Dog Bed Without Harsh Chemicals

Try these options if the dog bed is covered in:

  • Hair: Use a lint roller or adhesive tape before washing the bed. If you have a pet hair vacuum or a pet hair removal tool, you can use it before and in-between washings.
  • Urine: Mix baking soda, vinegar, and water in a spray bottle. Spray the solution on the urine stain and let it soak for 10 minutes or generously sprinkle baking soda on the urine stain. Let it sit until dry and then vaccum it up.
  • Blood: Immediately soak the section of the bed with blood on it in cold or warm water. If the blood has dried, set the section in a mixture of cold water, baking soda, and white vinegar for 30 minutes, then blot the mixture out.
  • Poop: Immediately pick up and properly dispose of the waste. Mix an equal amount of cold water and distilled white vinegar into the affected area, then gently scrub it using a soft-bristle brush. Repeat until the stain is removed. Sprinkle baking soda and let it stay overnight. Once the bed is dry, vacuum it.
  • Tough stains: Clean the stain using a mixture of baking soda, vinegar, and water. If that doesn’t work and it is possible to wash the bed, do so using a non-toxic, pet-safe option that doesn’t contain bleach or chlorine.

How Often Should Dog Beds Be Cleaned?

How often you need to clean your dog’s bed depends on factors including your dog’s habits, activity level, shedding, and any other cleanliness concerns.

“As a general guideline, it is recommended to clean your dog’s bed at least once every one to two weeks,” says Julie Reva, marketing, social, and PR manager at California-based Skout’s Honor.

Using Dog Beds with Washable Covers

In many cases, a removable, washable cover makes cleaning a dog bed easier because it helps keep dirt from getting into the cushioned part of the bed.

When it comes to fabrics, cotton is a good way to go since it is typicaly breathable, machine washable, and can withstand regular washings without losing its shape or texture. Polyester is another good option since the synthetic fabric is durable and resistant to stains, making it easier to clean than some natural fibers. It can also be machine washed, but it’s important to check the care instructions provided by the manufacturer.

Dog beds take a lot of abuse, so finding one that’s relatively easy to clean can help keep things more manageable. Using protective covers, removing excess hair and dirt as needed, and keeping canine sleeping areas clean—and in areas with plenty of sunlight and fresh air—will help keep things crisp and sanitary.

Hydrotherapy for Dogs

By
Kate Basedow, LVT
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0
Hydrotherapy for dogs can help them build strength while recovering from injuries or illness.
Water therapy for dogs includes hydrotherapy and physical conditioning—and most dogs thoroughly enjoy it. Credit: Anita Kot | Getty Images

Water therapy for dogs can help with weight loss and recovery from orthopedic injuries and surgical procedures. It’s usually used as part of a larger dog physical therapy treatment plan to get your dog feeling their best as quickly as possible.

 

 

What Is Hydrotherapy for Dogs?

Hydrotherapy for dogs consists of two main categories: underwater treadmill exercise and swimming.

Yes, underwater treadmills exist, and dogs can use them! This equipment consists of a moving belt at the bottom of a tank that can be filled with water to the desired height. Underwater treadmills are expensive, so they are generally found at veterinary rehabilitation facilities, specialty veterinary hospitals, and the occasional private practice.

Swimming can be done in any safe body of water, be it a lake, pond, pool, or even running water in some cases. In warm climates, you may have access to safe swimming spots year-round, while colder climates require indoor pools for winter exercise.

Benefits of water therapy for dogs include:

  • Water supports the body, preventing falls and providing low-impact exercise
  • Higher quality exercise due to water resistance
  • Ability to control weight bearing
  • Improved circulation
  • Better flexibility
  • Increased strength and endurance
  • Improved coordination and balance

Can My Dog Do Hydrotherapy?

Dogs with skin infections, wounds, or surgical incisions should not engage in water therapy until they are fully healed. If your dog is recovering from a broken bone, care must be taken to start hydrotherapy gradually according to where she is in the healing process.

Underwater Treadmill Water Therapy for Dogs

Underwater treadmills are generally used to help dogs recover from an injury or after surgery, but can also be used for weight loss or general fitness.

Examples of conditions that can benefit from underwater treadmill work include:

Getting Started with Hydrotherapy for Dogs

Start with an examination from a veterinarian to assess your dog’s overall health and make sure that they are candidates for underwater treadmill exercise. The veterinarian will then work with a physical rehabilitation practitioner to determine an exercise plan for your dog.

Introducing your dog to the underwater treadmill is done slowly. Your dog will get the most out of these sessions if they are happy and relaxed. Stress causes muscles to tighten, which can lead to additional injuries. The rehab specialist will let your dog explore the empty treadmill. Then they will gradually add water. Treats, toys, and praise are used as needed to encourage your dog to move around a little in the tank.

Once the dog is comfortable in the water, the practitioner will turn on the belt. At first the belt will move slowly so the dog has a chance to figure out how to move their feet. Speed will be adjusted until the dog walks at the desired pace.

The rehab practitioner may go in the treadmill with your dog to provide physical or emotional support if necessary. This is particularly helpful for dogs who cannot stand on their own.

The water in an underwater treadmill is warm for comfort and promotes circulation and mobility. Muscles work much better when warm! The depth of the water is determined by the dog’s unique needs. Deeper water provides the most support so that injured joints don’t have to bear your dog’s weight, while shallower water can challenge specific joints and muscles to work harder.

For most purposes, your dog will start out at a medium walking pace in the underwater treadmill for a short session, possibly only 5 minutes at a time depending on her fitness, comfort level, and stress level. The goal is for your dog to get a good workout, but to not be sore the next day.

Over time treadmill sessions will increase in speed and duration.

Swimming for Dogs

Swimming provides excellent exercise for your dog, making it perfect for weight loss and general fitness.

For general fitness and exercise, you can take your dog swimming in any safe body of water. Your dog may need support at first and may benefit from wearing a life vest. Use treats, toys, and praise to make her introductions to water positive and fun. Keep swimming sessions short at first, then increase duration over time.

If your dog is recovering from an injury or surgery, swimming is usually not the best place to start. Underwater treadmill work provides a lot more control and customizability, making it ideal for carefully and gradually increasing the duration and difficulty of your dog’s exercise as she heals. Swimming comes in later in the recovery process, when your dog doesn’t need as much support.

Also note that swimming is not ideal for promoting hind-end strengthening. Dogs primarily swim with their front legs, and some do not use their hind legs at all. So if your goal is to build hind-end muscle strength, underwater treadmill exercise or walking up and down hills will be more appropriate.

Finding Safe Water for Swimming

Pools are nice because they provide a clean, warm environment for your dog to swim. If your local rehab facility has a pool, this is the perfect place to introduce swimming with the help of a professional, especially if your dog is recovery from an injury or surgery.

But using pools also usually comes with a price tag unless you have your own. This makes natural water sources very attractive for regular exercise with our dogs.

Things to consider when scouting out a potential swimming spot:

  • Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) or other dangerous blooms
  • Debris
  • Current strength
  • Pollution and water contamination
  • Footing: Sand and mud provide excellent grip for your dog, while rocks can be slippery
  • Waves
  • Fishing hooks
  • Boats

Other Therapies

No matter what your reason for trying hydrotherapy with your dog, your vet will also recommend other exercises, therapies, and treatments. A multi-modal treatment plan that targets your dog’s needs from multiple angles is the best way to make progress, rather than just focusing on one activity.

Too Old to Adopt?

By
Nancy Kerns
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28
When are you too old to adopt a dog or other pet?
If you’ve owned dogs all your life so far, you probably want to continue to own a dog until you die! But some shelters and rescues, we hear, deny adoption to people after a certain age. Credit: adamkaz, Getty Images

I’ve had a number of older owners book lessons with me lately—more than half a dozen individuals and couples in their 70s and even 80s, all wanting some training help with their new dogs or puppies. I’ve been impressed by their optimism and commitment in taking on a dog who may live 10 or 15 or more years as well as their dedication to training and improving the dog’s behavior. And almost all of these clients bought a purebred puppy.

I haven’t questioned any of these clients about why they bought a puppy instead of adopting an adult dog from a local shelter (though I did offer my appreciation to the one client who did!). But I was discussing this with my sister, who started the conversation by telling me about a senior citizen friend of hers who bought a puppy after being denied the opportunity to adopt from their local shelter (in Colorado). After smarting from the rejection—she’s an experienced dog owner with the means to care for a dog very well, and has a younger backup person in place, in case something happens to her—she formulated a plan. She bought a puppy (from a breeder who had no age limitations on their buyers) and she convinced two of her elderly friends to also adopt pups from the same litter, so they could get the three pups together regularly for socialization and dog-sit for each other when one of them travels or has medical appointments—a brilliant arrangement!

However, I will say that most of the older clients I’ve worked with recently did find their puppies to be somewhat overwhelming. Even though all of them are experienced dog owners, it’s been some time since they raised a puppy—and raising a youngster is different at 80 than 60! But at least one client admitted to me that while she went to the local shelters to look for a dog who would be suitable to adopt, she was frightened by the overwhelming supply of large, untrained adolescent dogs; she didn’t see any friendly small dogs at all! So she started looking at online ads for breeders of small dogs.

Is it an urban legend that shelters and rescues are denying older clients the opportunity to adopt? Or have you seen this in your area? And are you aware of any smart alternative to help seniors who want to own dogs until the end of their days find a suitable canine companion?

How Many Treats Can a Dog Have Per Day?

By
Jessica Peralta
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1
Dog treats don't typically list calories so knowing how many dog treats per day can be challenging.
How many treats a dog can have per day depends a lot on the nutritional quality of the treats being offered. Credit: Serhii Bilohubets | Getty Images

When it comes to dog training, treats are often a key component. Also, our pets like them! However, it’s important to not overfeed our dogs or fill them up on food that may not be as healthy or nutritionally balanced as their regular diet.

So how many treats can a dog really have per day?

“There is no set number of how many treats a dog can have per day,” says canine nutritionist Diana Laverdure-Dunetz. “Whenever we think of food intake, including treats, we need to think in terms of how many calories the food contributes to the overall diet, not the quantity of food. This means, of course, that you can give a greater number of lower-calorie treats than higher-calorie treats.”

10 Percent Rule for Dog Treats

There’s a general rule that treats should take up only 10 percent of a dog’s daily nutritional intake. But what exactly does that mean?

“According to the ’10 percent rule,’ if your dog consumes 600 calories per day, then not more than 60 of those calories should come from treats,” says Laverdure-Dunetz. “However, pet treats are not required to list the calorie content on the label, so figuring this out can be difficult or impossible. This is why it’s important to be a savvy consumer and closely analyze the product’s ingredients list.”

She says that treats containing high amounts of meat, oil, or sugar, for example, will generally contain more calories than treats containing whole grains, legumes, and non-starchy vegetables. Also, treats that contain more fiber will likely contain fewer calories.

Picking Low-Calorie Dog Treats

When thinking about how many training treats a puppy, small dog, or senior should have per day, it’s still about the calories.

“For example,” says Laverdure-Dunetz, “senior dogs tend to be less active and so should consume fewer calories. This means cutting back on treats and offering lower-calorie treats.”

But, she adds, even active dogs should not consume too many treats because a healthy diet should consist mainly of properly balanced, nutrient-dense foods.

“Remember, treats are called treats for a reason,” she says. “They should be a special offering, not a mainstay of the diet.”

As noted above, the type of treat makes a difference. How many of a specific type of treat a dog should have will depend on the number of calories the treat contributes to the overall diet as well as its nutritional quality.

“Just like with human foods, there are smart treat choices and poor treat choices,” says Laverdure-Dunetz.

For example, avoid treats that are high in calories and low in nutritional quality—like those containing refined oils, flours, and sugar. On the other hand, many companies now offer high-quality treats containing ingredients intended to enhance a dog’s overall wellness or target specific health concerns.

“I always recommend treats that support an already healthy diet, rather than detracting from it,” says Laverdure-Dunetz. “This means choosing treats that contain functional food or superfood ingredients, such as berries, seeds, green foods, and certain herbs.”

She also says to find organic treats whenever possible, since non-organic treats can expose dogs to unwanted pesticides, herbicides, hormones, antibiotics, genetically modified organisms, and other undesirable ingredients.

Fresh, whole food treats are also a great option.

“This might mean slices of carrot, apple or pear, green beans or sweet bell peppers,” says Laverdure-Dunetz. “This is a great way to sneak extra nutrition into your dog’s diet, while still making the treat a special part of his day.”

Treats that Keep Dogs Healthy and Happy

Balancing fun treats with health is a big part of dog ownership. By paying attention to labels when buying commercial treats, using healthy foods like carrot slices, green beans, sweet bell pepper, and cucumbers, or even making your own dog treats, you can keep rewards high, calories low, and dogs happy.

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