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Discoid Lupus in Dogs

By
Dr. Debra M. Eldredge, DVM
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Discoid lupus in dogs is an autoimmune disease in dogs that can be controlled with medication.
This is a normal dog nose, showing its bumpy surface. In DLE lupus, those bumps smooth out. Credit: Olga Pankova | Getty Images

Lupus in dogs is an autoimmune skin disease. Technically known as discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), lupus in dogs starts at the nose with a loss of pigment, followed by crusts, erosions, and ulcers of the skin. A black nose may turn pink or have pink splotches. The nose may lose its normal “bumpy” appearance and become smooth.

With lupus, the dog’s skin around the ears, on the ear flaps, around the eyes, and on the lips may also be affected. Sometimes, footpad skin may be involved.

Any injury to areas affected by this cutaneous lupus may bleed due to the extensive vasculature to the area. These areas may also be quite painful.

While discoid lupus is most common in German Shorthaired Pointers, German Shepherd Dogs, Collies, and Shetland Sheepdogs, any breed can have this autoimmune problem. In my experience, Collies are most often affected. You may even hear the condition referred to as “Collie nose.”

Diagnosing Dog Lupus

While your veterinarian may be sure your dog has DLE just from a physical exam, for a definitive diagnosis, a skin biopsy should be taken. This is usually done under sedation with local anesthesia. While waiting for biopsy results, your veterinarian may prescribe some antibiotics to rule out the possibility of bacterial infection.

Note: Your veterinarian will distinguish DLE from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). SLE is also an autoimmune disease of dogs, but in this rare form the dog’s immune system attacks its tissues and organs. SLE is potentially fatal and is a much more serious condition than DLE. DLE does not progress into SLE (thankfully!)

Treating Lupus in Dogs

Treatment for DLE in dogs is aimed at reducing inflammation and moderating the immune system. Topical treatment is ideal, but it does present challenges as your dog can easily lick it off. For this reason, topical corticosteroids often aren’t successful.

Tacrolimus ointment is an immunomodulator that is often prescribed off label for use on dogs. It is quite effective and requires small amounts, making it is less lickable. It is also expensive, so apply it carefully and wear gloves.

Oral corticosteroids such as prednisolone are quite effective with lupus, especially to get the disease under control. Side effects can be tough to deal with (increased drinking and appetite), so every effort is made to taper the dose down as much as possible.

The combination of tetracycline (an antibiotic with some immunomodulating properties) along with niacinamide (a B vitamin supplement) works for about 70% of DLE cases. Oral cyclosporine, like Atopica, is another immunomodulator that may be effective, but it can cause gastrointestinal side effects.

What You Can Do

Along with controlling the symptoms, limit your dog’s exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light like bright sunshine, just as you would to protect from skin cancer. Keeping your dog inside during prime sunshine hours (10 a.m. to 2 p.m.) is ideal. You can also use sunscreen made for dogs. Do not use human sunscreens! The reality is that your dog will lick some off and human sunscreens are not suitable.

Epi Pet K9 Care Sunscreen and Lucky Pup Sunscreen Dog Balm are both strong choices. These products should only be applied as a preventive or after active skin lesions are under control. For dogs with naturally pink noses, no matter what breed, use as a preventive.

Luckily, DLE is treatable and controllable, so the prognosis is good, especially with an early diagnosis.

Your Dog’s DNA: What Can Dog DNA Tests Really Tell You?

By
Joan Merriam
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dog dna test
If you’re wondering what breed or mix of breeds your dog may be, canine DNA tests can often provide some insight. Credit: Oleksandra Korobova | Getty Images

At some point in our life with dogs, many of us may have wanted to find out more about our furry friends and ordered a dog DNA test in the hopes it would reveal more about our dog’s breed, susceptibility to health or genetic conditions, and behavioral traits and personality. The results can trigger everything from surprise to relief to ambivalence to panic. Yet the question remains, how accurate are these tests?

The History of Dog DNA Kits

The two leading companies in the canine DNA testing market are Wisdom Panel from the Mars Corporation and Embark. Mars became a pioneer in the field of consumer pet genetics with the 2007 launch of their canine DNA kit “Insights,” based on veterinarian-collected blood samples. Two years later, they rebranded their test as Wisdom Panel, which allowed for the collection of cheek swabs for testing, thus eliminating the need for a veterinarian to draw a blood sample. In 2016, Embark began offering its dog DNA test kit to the public.

A multitude of other companies have followed in the footsteps of Mars and Embark in developing and selling their own canine DNA test kits to the public. Many of these companies also market specialized tests for determining age, specific health conditions, breed-specific conditions, allergy, food and environmental sensitivity, and sibling DNA; in addition, some firms target only veterinarians or breeders.

How Do Dog DNA Tests Work?

First, let’s go back to basics: a cell’s nucleus is where DNA “lives.” A tremendous amount of genetic information is stored inside that single cell, comparable to some 1.5 gigabytes of data.

Each dog inherits two copies of each gene, one from each parent. The genes are made up of four chemical bases represented by the letters A, T, C, and G, which combine to create the unique characteristics of an individual dog. These letters are always matched; the rules governing this matching allow a laboratory to interpret the dog’s DNA, which in turn enables them to identify the dog’s breed origins as well as health indicators.

For dog genetic testing, the laboratory looks for DNA mutations, which is anything in that gene that affects how it functions. These mutations can completely obstruct a gene, which often leads to disease, or can simply alter the gene’s function to produce a slightly different trait, such as a change in coat color.

Genetic tests generally produce three possible results:

  • Clear/Unaffected/Normal: The dog has no copies of the mutation that causes disease or coat changes.
  • Carrier: The dog has one normal copy and one copy of the mutation, and which may affect the dog differently depending on whether the mutation is dominant or recessive.
  • Affected/At Risk: The dog carries no normal copies, and two copies of the mutation.

The Role of DNA Tests in Determining Your Dog’s Breed

DNA test results can include breed mix, family tree, and heritage up to three generations. By comparing your dog’s DNA with a database of different breeds, the lab can report which breeds are the closest match.

Many dog guardians order DNA tests simply out of curiosity: how “pure” is your purebred? If your pup is a mixed breed, what breeds have gone into that mix? Genetic tests can reveal the percentage of specific breeds in your dog’s genetic makeup, which help explain her appearance: large or small, short legs or long ones, floppy ears or pointed ones, a long soft coat or wiry one, a boxy head or tapered one, future size and weight, and more.

Different breeds are inclined to exhibit certain traits, energy levels, and have temperamental tendencies, all of which can be revealed in a DNA test. For instance, herding breeds like Border Collies and Australian Shepherds usually require more mental stimulation and are extremely active while large breeds like Great Danes and Mastiffs tend to have joint issues. A breed DNA test can help caregivers personalize their training and exercise routines, be on the alert for health issues, and provide specialized nutrition, grooming, and care.

The manufacturers of these DNA tests claim over 90% accuracy, but because none of them are independently verified, the preciseness of these numbers is somewhat questionable. Most companies require purchasers to send along a photo of their dog, so in one study, researchers intentionally switched photos when they submitted the tests. The upshot was that one company provided an “official analysis” that the dog—actually a Chinese Crested—was part Border Collie and part Golden Retriever, which is what anyone looking at only the photo might have guessed. In a separate case, a sample was collected from a registered Great Dane; the results from one company said the dog was part Staffordshire terrier, and another labeled her as 100 percent chihuahua.

What DNA Tests Can Reveal About Your Dog’s Health

One of the biggest questions about DNA testing involves identifying potential health risks. However, it’s important to remember that even if your dog has a variant for a specific genetic health risk or condition, it doesn’t mean they will develop that condition.

In fact, the same genetic variants can affect different breeds in different ways. A mutation might be highly likely to cause a genetic condition in one breed, but that same mutation might only rarely cause the same condition in another breed. Also, the likelihood of developing a genetic condition can vary within a given breed as well. (One more reason to always consult your veterinarian about genetic health risks.)

The bottom line is to not panic if test results say your dog has a genetic predisposition for a certain disorder: predisposition doesn’t mean certainty. Talk with your veterinarian about the report and discuss what, if anything, you—and they—can do to mitigate any future effects of your pup’s genetic makeup.

That being said, there are some things in a genetic report you need to pay special attention to and immediately bring to your vet’s attention. One of them is if the report says your dog has the Multidrug Resistance 1 (MDR1) gene. This genetic variant can put dogs at risk of severe or life-threatening complications after taking specific medications at specific doses.

Some disease-related genetic tests are breed-specific. An example is a genetic mutation in Dalmatians where the concentration of uric acid in the urine causes them to form bladder stones, necessitating surgery to remove them.

Many medium- to large-sized dog breeds such as Irish Wolfhounds, Newfoundlands, Great Danes, and Dobermans have a genetic predisposition to develop dilated cardiomyopathy, a life-threatening heart disease. Studies suggest that as many as one out of every two Dobermans risks inheriting this disease. Another genetic condition linked to Dobermans is Von Willebrand’s Disease, a blood clotting disorder that puts these dogs at risk for severe hemorrhage even during simple surgery. Genetic testing can also reveal if a dog is at risk for developing Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA), which causes blindness in older dogs; almost a dozen breeds are prone to developing this disease. There is even a genetic test that screens for the risk of cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture in Labrador Retrievers.

It’s important to remember that gene expression relies on factors other than just genes, including environment, nutrition, lifestyle, and cellular metabolism. At the same time, while studies show that some conditions—for instance, hip dysplasia—may be inherited, multiple genes contribute to its development, and these genetic factors interact with environmental influences. Studies have shown that heritability estimates for hip dysplasia range from 20% to 60%, depending on breed.

What To Do About Your Dogs DNA Test Results

This brings up the question of how we as dog guardians should respond to genetic test results related to our dog’s health and/or predisposition to a disease or disorder. While genetic tests can be helpful and have the potential of improving a dog’s health, there’s a real danger when people interpret test results without consulting a veterinarian, and go on to make emotional decisions about diet, exercise, lifestyle, or even such drastic measures as euthanasia without fully understanding the nuances of the report. If your dog’s test raises concerns, it’s important to talk to your veterinarian and work with them to make the best, most informed decisions possible for your dog.

How Accurate Are Dog DNA Tests?

As discussed above, sometimes dog DNA tests are quite accurate. Other times, not so much. A recent study shows that claims about genetic links to behavior are both overhyped and misleading. The study tried to reproduce earlier research linking 151 genetic variants to dog behavior but after controlling for breed and individual traits, researchers found that none of these genetic variants actually predict behavior, but were instead related to the breed-related physical traits. What had been labeled behaviorally predictive genes were simply genetic markers related to breed. Some of these previously purported “behavior genetic variants” were linked to genomic regions associated with coat color, ear shape, and height, among other breed-defining physical characteristics. Further studies showed that inherited behavioral traits are far more rare than aesthetic traits, suggesting that attempts to predict the behavior in individual dogs using genetic information alone may be quite inaccurate.

That being said, the results from testing companies are usually fairly accurate. What accounts for discrepancies when they occur? Often, it’s the database that each company maintains, since each one uses a private, independent DNA database for comparison and breed determination. Another issue is the industry’s lack of standards, transparency, and regulatory oversight. Unlike with human genetic testing facilities, animal genetic testing is not regulated, and companies are not obligated to disclose their methodologies.

As genetic testing becomes more common and more affordable to the general public, it’s essential that the industry develop and implement standards, so as to build trust within the veterinary community and the public and unlock the exciting animal health benefits that genetic testing offers.

How to Treat Bug Bites on Dogs

By
Kate Basedow, LVT
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Bug bites on dogs are common both indoors and out.
Your dog is likely to encounter many types of biting insects as he adventures deeper into buggy areas. Credit: Bett Photos 500 PX | Getty Images

Bug bites on dogs can be just as irritating as they are on humans! Whether fleas, black flies, ticks, or any other biting bug, your dog may experience pain, itchiness, and inflammation. Many bug bites resolve on their own, but some may require treatment.

What Do Flea and Tick Bites Look Like on Dogs?

It isn’t always possible to identify which type of bug bit your dog from the bite alone, as the bites from many different bugs often look similar. The appearance and location of the bite itself as well as considering the time of year and your dog’s recent activities can give you some clues to narrow down the suspect.

Flea bites on dogs generally appear as tiny red dots on the skin. The bites hurt and are itchy. You may also see some fine, dark, gritty material on your skin. This is flea dirt, a combination of flea feces and blood. Flea bites can occur anywhere on the body, but your dog’s back end around his tail and haunches are a prime location. If your dog is one of the unlucky ones with flea allergy dermatitis, his skin will also be red and inflamed, severely itchy, and he will suffer hair loss over time until the fleas are addressed.

Tick bites on dogs generally look like a small red circle. Dogs usually do not get the same bullseye rash that humans do. The bites themselves don’t hurt, but the area may become itchy. Tick bites can occur anywhere on the body, but are most common on the dog’s head, ears, and neck.

Black fly bites on dogs generally look like a large reddish welt and may take on a bullseye appearance. The bites hurt and are extremely itchy. Black flies travel in swarms, so your dog will likely have multiple bites close together. These bites can occur anywhere on the body, but the belly, inner thighs, and inside of the ears are common sites.

Mosquito bites look like small bumps and are usually itchy. Some dogs just get small welts from mosquito bites, while others may have more dramatic swelling.

The bites from sarcoptic mange and demodex mites are too tiny to see, but over time these infestations cause hair loss and crusty, irritated skin.

Ant bites are usually small, raised, and kind of look like a pimple. Fire ants can cause an allergic reaction resulting in widespread hives, itchiness, and even difficulty breathing. This is more common if your dog receives many ant bites at once.

Bug Bite Treatment for Dogs

Most bites will resolve on their own and heal within a few days.

For painful bites, ice the area for 5 to 10 minutes. This numbs the skin, lessening pain and itchiness, and helps to reduce swelling. You can ice your dog’s bug-bite wounds several times a day. Wrap the ice pack in a thin cloth so it doesn’t stick to the skin.

If the bites are itchy, you can apply a small amount of hydrocortisone or diphenhydramine (Benadryl) ointment to the area. Do not let your dog lick these ointments. The ideal times to apply are right before giving your dog a meal or right before taking him on a walk so he is distracted.

Dog Severe Reaction to Bug Bites

If your dog is experiencing extreme pain or swelling, it’s time to call your vet. Difficulty breathing, lethargy, or collapse after receiving a bug bite is an emergency and requires immediate care.

Based on your dog’s symptoms, the number of bites, and which bug is the likely culprit, your vet will recommend coming in for an appointment or oral medications such as Benadryl or a dog-safe pain medication.

Flea and tick bites can be prevented by giving regular preventive medications, and there are dog-safe bug sprays that can help to deter black flies and mosquitoes. If your dog is sensitive to bug bites, keep him on preventives year-round and use dog-safe bug spray when going outside during black fly season.

Understanding Your Dog’s Body Condition Score

By
Dan Muse
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A dog body condition score rates your dog on visible signs of fat content and body conditioning.
Develop a sensible plan to help your dog shed any excess weight. Your goal is a body condition score of 4 to 5, like this Border Collie.

Many of us focus on our fitness these days. We track our macros, our percentage of body fat, BMI score, and more.  Being aware of our health leads to better conditioning for a wide range of activities and serves to spot and possibly prevent serious illnesses.  Given these benefits, why treat your dog any differently?

Determining your dog’s health goes beyond a number on a scale. Veterinary experts at institutions like Tufts University (Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine) and Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine stress that a scale is a blunt instrument.

To understand a dog’s health, look at your dog’s Body Condition Score (BCS). Arguably the gold standard is World Small Animal Veterinary Association’s BCS chart.  The WSAVA represents nearly 400,000 veterinarians at 113 veterinary association members globally. (Another good source we like is the Purina Body Condition chart.)

Unlike a number on a scale, BCS is individualized. A measure of weight provides no context. Say your “little” dog weighs 15 lbs. That might be underweight for a Sheltie but really fat for a Papillon. In contrast, BCS ranks a dog’s condition on a scale of 1 to 9 with 1 being the most under ideal and 9 being the most above ideal. According to WSAVA, 4 and 5 are ideal scores.
“Most veterinarians view BCS as a better gauge of health than the number on a scale. Weight tells you how heavy a dog is, but it doesn’t show how much of that weight comes from fat versus muscle or other tissue. Two dogs can weigh the same and still have very different health risks,” says Dr. Anna Panyutin, a small animal internal medicine specialist at South Carolina Veterinary Specialists and Emergency Care in Columbia

Doctors at NC State Veterinary Hospital point out that “your pet’s ideal body condition can be difficult to assess in fluffier pets—another reason why veterinarians use a standardized body condition chart to determine if your pet is at their healthiest weight.”  After all, two dogs can weigh 50 pounds but have different health profiles. One dog may be a lean, high-energy athlete, while the other carries visceral fat. Weight doesn’t account for frame size or muscle density the way BCS does.

How to Master the Rib Check

The rib check is the most common and effective way to measure your dog’s level of fat, but many owners struggle to interpret what they feel. “The ribs are the secret,” says Dr. Laurie McCauley, a veterinarian and board-certified specialist in canine sports medicine and rehabilitation.

“A barrel-chested dog, such as a bulldog or mastiff, will be wide compared to a German shepherd or border collie, but you should be able to easily palpate the ribs. A Havanese or Bichon, or even a Jack Russell terrier can develop muscle below the ribs from dancing around on their rear legs and look overweight, yet the ribs are still easily palpable if they are lean. Helping your dog stay lean is one of the most powerful things you can do for their health span and life span,” says Dr. McCauley.

BCS considers the amount of fat between the last three ribs and the skin. It doesn’t work at the beginning of the rib cage because there is muscle overlaying the ribs so you can’t feel them. By the last three rib ribs, the only thing between the skin and the ribs can be fat, she says.

The Dog Body Condition Score Hand Rule

While the rib check is the most effective way to measure fat, it can feel subjective to many dog owners. To calibrate your touch, the University of Minnesota Veterinary Medical Center recommends using your own hand to simulate the correct feel. Here’s how:

  • Underweight (use your knuckles): Lightly run your fingers over your knuckles while making a fist. If your dog’s ribs feel this prominent and bony, they are likely in the BCS 1–3 range and underweight.
  • Ideal (the back of the hand): Turn your hand over, palm down, and feel your knuckles. When your pet’s ribs feel like this—detectable but covered by a smooth layer of tissue—it’s an ideal BCS of 5.
  • Overweight (the palm): Put your palm up and run your fingers over the base of your fingers. If the ribs are buried under this much padding, they are likely in the BCS 7–9 range.

Your Dog’s Body Condition Score Provides Early Warning Signs

Changes in BCS signify more than your dog may be adding fat and needs to lose weight.  They can also signal disease before the scale moves. Certain metabolic diseases or early-stage cancers can hide even if the dog’s weight remains stable because fat is replacing muscle, according to Dr. McCauley, who advises dog owners to watch for these conditions, which could be confused with simply adding weight:

False Weight (Cushing’s disease): “If a previously tucked-up belly becomes saggy or pendulous, it could be Cushing’s disease, a condition where excess cortisol from the adrenal glands weakens the abdominal muscles causing the belly to sag,” Dr. McCauley says.

Hidden Mass (abdominal swelling): “If the belly becomes rounder or larger without an increase in food, it could mean a mass is growing inside the abdomen and causing it to expand,” she says.

Muscle Wasting (cachexia): “A sudden drop in body size may also be a sign of early-stage of cancer, where the cancer is essentially hijacking nutrients. This is known as cachexia, or body wasting caused, by disease,” she says.

In business terms, think of BCS as a leading indicator and the scale is often a lagging indicator. That is, by the time the scale moves, the condition may have already progressed.

Meet With Your Vet and Stay Open

The first step in weight management is to meet with your veterinarian to determine the ideal weight for your pet. During the meeting, your veterinarian might recommend counting your pet’s calorie intake and measuring your pet’s food at each meal, including treats and snacks.

Remember, like you, your vet has your dog’s best interest, so don’t take it as criticism if your vet mentions a high BCS. “Treat it as useful health feedback, not criticism. Extra body fat raises the risk for arthritis, diabetes, and a shorter lifespan, so early action helps,” says Dr. Panyutin. “Clear goals make the process less frustrating.”

Play an active role and ask your vet for more information. Good questions to ask, she says, include the following:

  • What BCS or weight range should my dog aim for?
  • How much and what type of food do you recommend?
  • Do treats or table food need to change?
  • What exercise level makes sense for my dog?
  • How fast should weight loss happen?
  • When should we check progress again?

What One Point Means …

For dogs with existing orthopedic issues, how much does dropping just a single point in the BCS scale impact their daily pain levels and mobility?

One point on the 9-point BCS scale usually equals about 10% body weight. That reduction often eases joint strain enough to improve mobility and day-to-day comfort, according to Dr. Panyutin. “Extra weight puts disproportionate stress on joints, so even modest weight loss can help dogs move more easily and stay more active.”

“The net effect of excessive body weight [for dogs] is increased mechanical stress on joints and an inflammatory state, promoting degeneration and often leading to osteoarthritis,” according to AVMA Journals.

The Best PEMF Products for Dogs

By
Jae Thomas, CPDT-KA
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The best PEMF products for dogs provide a good range of settings and are easy to use.
The best PEMF products for dogs provide a good range of settings and are easy to use. The top choice for your dog will also depend on which design works best for them. Credit: Jae Thomas

If your dog has had a soft tissue strain, TPLO surgery, or other injury, you may be wondering how best to support them between vet or rehab appointments. Or, if your furry friend is getting older, you may be looking for ways to aid their mobility aside from their regular joint supplements.

PEMF (pulsed electromagnetic field) dog beds and other therapy devices can be a helpful way to promote healing in injured, postsurgical, and aging dogs. PEMF benefits are wide-ranging in our furry friends and can be used in a variety of situations.

What is PEMF?

“PEMF therapy devices produce microcurrents which stimulate the release of nitric oxide,” says Dr. Courtney Wheeler, PT, CCRT, a canine physical therapist at Walking Paws Rehab in Boulder, CO. “When nitric oxide is released in the body, it helps to reduce inflammation and enhances vasodilation (blood flow), increases bone healing like after a TPLO, enhances muscle function, and helps promote angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels).”

Dr. Wheeler recommends PEMF dog beds, mats, or other devices for “orthopedic, degenerative, and neurologic issues, as well as swelling and surgical pain.” She says that PEMF has also been proven to assist in wound healing and for dogs with stress/anxiety.

PEMF devices are particularly good for soft tissue injuries, muscle recovery for active dogs who compete in agility, flyball, dock diving, and other high-impact sports, and for dogs who could use anti-stress support around triggers like thunderstorms, fireworks, or travel.

Talk with your vet or canine physical therapist before using PEMF for your dog, as there are some contraindications (such as pacemakers, Holter monitors, insulin pumps, and hemangiosarcomas) that PEMF devices should not be used with.

Traits We Want in the Best PEMF Products for Dogs

Settings: Ideally, a PEMF device should have multiple settings or frequencies that are best suited to different uses. Some frequencies are best used for rapid healing, while others are better for stress relief. Generally, the frequencies are measured in Hertz (Hz) and treatment settings sit between 3 and 60 Hz.

Ease of use and price: The easier a product is to use, the more likely you’ll be to use it. We like PEMF devices that are simple to turn on and change the settings. The larger PEMF dog mats and PEMF dog beds are generally easier to use than a device you need to place or hold on your dog but can also be more expensive. If you’re on a budget, smaller devices may be a better option.

Design: The design of the dog PEMF device you choose should be best suited to your specific dog. For example, if you have a calm, well-trained dog who will sit still for a 15-minute treatment, a device that you place on or over them can be useful. If your dog isn’t comfortable being handled to that extent, a PEMF mat or bed may be a better option as it allows your dog to opt in and opt out of treatment.

Whole Dog Journal RatingProduct and MakerPriceNotes
Petspemf Pad$489 for small, $539 for largeThis PEMF mat is one of the lowest cost options on the market and is canine physical therapist recommended. The app can be glitchy, but the pad itself works well, and it’s fairly easy to switch between settings. The thin, low-profile design is great for traveling with and the battery is rechargeable.
HigherDOSE Infrared PEMF Pet Bed$599 for small, $749 for largeThis PEMF bed is a bit big and bulky but it’s a great home base for active dogs. It features multiple PEMF frequencies for different uses as well as two heat settings to promote healing and muscle relaxation.
Assisi Loop$329 for both 20cm and 10cm sizesThis PEMF device is designed for short-term issues like for soft tissue injuries and post-surgical healing. This device only works for 150 15-minute treatments. Even so, it’s a more cost-effective way to integrate PEMF than purchasing a more expensive PEMF mat.

Best PEMF Mat for Dogs: Petspemf Pad

The best PEMF pad reviewed was the Petspemf Pad,
Although the app is a bit buggy, the Petspemf Pad offers four settings, great battery life, and is easy to travel with. Credit: Jae Thomas

When my dog had an agility injury, our Canine Physical Therapist recommended that I get a PEMF dog bed and told me that the Petspemf Pad was the most budget-friendly option on the market. I’ve used this pad regularly for my Collie’s iliopsoas strain, but I also love to use it to keep my dogs calm and keep their muscles loose while traveling or after hectic, busy days.

This pad features four different settings with different PEMF frequencies: Pain Relief (50.6 Hz), Accelerated Healing (15.2 Hz), Stress Relief (4 Hz), and Integrated Healing (15.2 Hz).

The pad connects to a companion app that can be a bit buggy—it sometimes takes a few tries to connect to the app. However, you only need to use the app to change the settings. If you’re using the same setting every session, you simply need to double tap the battery box on the pad, and it’ll turn on without the app.

The app allows you to select treatment times between 30 minutes and up to 8 hours. The battery life on this pad is stellar, and it regularly lasts 12+ hours on a single charge. My dogs really gravitate toward this pad when I put it on top of the beds they already like, and the lightweight design is easy to move around and travel with.

Best PEMF Bed for Dogs: HigherDOSE Infrared PEMF Pet Bed

The HIgerDOSE Pemf bed has a wide array of options and settings.
The HigherDOSE Infrared PEMF has a wide range of settings and an option for heat. However, it does need to be plugged in during use. Pet Bed Credit: Jae Thomas

Like the HigherDOSE PEMF mat for humans, the brand’s HigherDOSE Infrared PEMF Pet Bed offers a wide range of PEMF therapy frequencies and settings plus the added bonus of infrared heat. The combo of heat and PEMF frequencies work together to help support your dog’s recovery from sore muscles, long stressful days, or acute or chronic injuries.

I love that this bed comes with six different frequency settings and two different heat settings. The instruction manual lays out which setting is best for each use case:

  • Level 1: Sleep and recovery
  • Level 2: Stress Relief and balance
  • Level 3: Relaxation and circulation
  • Level 4: Recovery and strength
  • Level 5: Mobility and rejuvenation
  • Level 6: Energy and performance

All of the treatment settings sit between 3 to 60 Hz.

This bed needs to be plugged into a power outlet during use and is fairly heavy, so it’s an at-home only option that’s not well suited to travel. The plush bolster gives your dog a place to rest their head or snuggle into, but the main bed section isn’t plush or squishy, so dogs who like plush beds may not gravitate towards this option. This bed comes in two sizes (large and small), and sports a minimal, aesthetically pleasing design.

Best Non-Ned PEMF Device for Dogs: Assisi LOOP

If budget is on your mind or if your dog is experiencing a sudden issue, the Assisi LOOP is a great option to try out PEMF for the first time at a relatively reasonable price. This works well for surgical recovery or “one time” injuries.

This isn’t a forever product—the LOOP works for about 150 15-minute treatments. The battery has a limited life and works best when you allow 2 hours of resting time in between treatments. You may be able to get more than 150 treatments out of the device when following this protocol. The battery doesn’t need to be recharged, but it will die eventually and the entire device will need to be replaced.

While other options on this list are pads or dog beds, the LOOP is a wearable device. It can be worn around your dog’s neck, placed on a leg, or simply set on top of the dog. Depending on the location of your dog’s injury or pain, you may need to manage them or hold the device so it stays on top of them. The LOOP has a treatment range of 10 inches, so as long as it remains within 10 inches of the area you want to treat, your dog will receive the benefits.

Other Dog PEMF Products

Though we didn’t test these options personally, here are additional high-rated PEMF devices on the market:

Assisi Loop Lounge

The Assisi Loop Lounge is Assisi’s PEMF bed option and is one of the only options on the market that offers a thicker, plush dog bed as opposed to a thin mat. This bed comes in three sizes and starts at $949 for the smallest size. This bed will last for 6,000 treatments before it needs to be replaced.

Respond Bio-Pulse PEMF Dog Bed Therapy System

If the Petspemf large bed is too small for your dog, the Respond Bio-Pulse PEMF Dog Bed Therapy System is another option for frequent travel or crate use which comes in larger sizes than the Petpemf. It’s more expensive than the Petspemf pad, but cheaper than the Assisi Loop Lounge. This option is more of a mat/pad than a true padded bed, but it’s moderate price and larger size is attractive to many pet parents. This is a favorite of many dog sport enthusiasts and vet physical therapists.

This PEMF mat offers three different frequency settings (5, 10 and 15Hz), a rechargeable battery, and a 30-minute treatment time with auto shut off feature.

Most Dog Liver Shunts Are Congenital

By
Dr. Debra M. Eldredge, DVM
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Liver shunts in dogs are congenital defects that can reduce a dog's life expectancy.
In a puppy born with a liver shunt, the blood is sent around the liver instead of through it, so the liver can’t perform its job of handling nutrients and filtering out toxins. Credit: Yanukit Raiva | Getty Images

About 80% of canine liver shunts are present at birth (congenital) and involve the portal vein. In utero, puppies have a vessel called the ductus venosus that shunts blood flow around the liver since it is not functioning pre-whelping. When a puppy is born, however, this vessel should collapse so normal canine anatomy takes over.

“Five out of every 1,000 dogs in the general population are born with an inherited liver shunt,” says Jerold S. Bell, DVM, of Tuft’s Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, in his paper “Exploring the Mysteries of Liver Shunts.”  Caught early on, however, puppies with a congenital portosystemic shunt can go on to have a normal life once the shunt is corrected. Note: These dogs should not be bred however, since there is a genetic component.

Shunts may occur within the liver (intrahepatic) or outside the liver (extrahepatic).  Secondary shunts can occur in older dogs due to cirrhosis with multiple small blood vessels interfering with the normal blood flow plan.

What Is a Liver Shunt in a Dog?

A liver shunt is an anatomic defect that directs blood flow from your dog’s gastrointestinal tract, including the pancreas, plus the spleen around the liver instead of through it. With the portal vein shunted off, the liver isn’t doing its normal functions of handling nutrients and filtering out toxins. You will often see the term “portosystemic shunt” used since the portal vein is usually the culprit.

The liver has multiple important functions in the body. With nutrients not being handled efficiently, puppies with liver shunts tend to be smaller than littermates. They are often less active as well. As toxins build up in the blood, neurologic signs are noted.

Signs of a Liver Shunt in a Dog

Dogs with liver shunts may circle, press their heads into corners and “be stuck,” act disoriented, and eventually progress to seizures. Some may show gastrointestinal signs such as vomiting and diarrhea. Often clinical symptoms are seen after a high-protein meal due to the metabolites from protein.

Some dogs may form bladder stones and others will exhibit pica, which is a tendency to eat unusual items. Some breeds, ranging from Irish Wolfhounds to Yorkshire Terriers, have a genetic predisposition to portosystemic shunts.

Diagnosing a Portosystemic Shunt in Dogs

Diagnosing a portosystemic shunt may be easy or tricky. Bloodwork is often the first step. A complete blood count and a blood chemistry panel, combined with the physical exam and history, will often be diagnostic but not always.

Some dogs will have mild anemia and some abnormally small red blood cells. Low levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and albumin (a protein) are common. Liver enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) are elevated. A urinalysis may show ammonium biurate crystals. Beyond the basic laboratory tests, the next step is often a bile acid test. Dogs with shunts tend to have increased bile acids.

For bile acid testing, two samples are required. The first is a fasting sample that gives your dog’s baseline for bile acids. A second sample is taken after your dog’s normal meal (usually breakfast). Bile acid numbers are expected to increase after a meal.

Imaging procedures are next. A plain X-ray may show a small liver. Ultrasound with contrast may illuminate abnormal blood flow pathways. CT scans, MRIs, and X-rays with dye can all help to pinpoint the location of the problem. Recent work out of Cornell University’s College of Veterinary Medicine using CT scans has helped to illustrate intrahepatic shunts, showing that in at least some cases, the shunts are between liver lobes, not located in liver tissue.

Caring for a Dog with a Liver Shunt

For mild liver shunts and true intrahepatic shunts, medical management may provide decent quality of life. These dogs need strict dietary management to minimize the toxin buildup. The goal for treatment is to decrease the production and absorption of toxins from the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream.

If your dog shows signs of hepatic encephalopathy (neurologic signs), his dietary protein needs to be managed carefully. All dogs need protein in their diets, so severe restrictions are generally not recommended. High-quality protein that is highly digestible is ideal. Some dogs do better with dairy or plant-based proteins versus meat proteins.

Lactulose is often recommended to help decrease the absorption of ammonia and other toxins. This is a non-absorbable synthetic disaccharide that decreases transit time in the gut by acting as an osmotic laxative, meaning that digested nutrients move through the intestinal tract faster than normal. This could lead to diarrhea, so generally dosing starts at a very low level and is gradually increased so your dog’s gastrointestinal tract can adapt somewhat. Antibiotics may change the intestinal microbiome and help to reduce toxins as well.

Medical therapy may work for mild cases or for older dogs with cirrhosis who can’t handle surgery. In addition, for cases that are truly intrahepatic, it may be next to impossible to surgically correct the problem.

Surgery is the ideal treatment, particularly for extrahepatic shunts. The basic idea is to close the shunt, with accessory blood vessels picking up the load and delivering most of the blood to the liver instead of bypassing it. Very few dogs can handle an acute closure of the shunt. Portal hypertension can cause abdominal pain, endotoxic shock and even death.

Luckily newer surgical techniques using rings, bands, constrictors, or intravenous coils can all act to gradually close the shunt, allowing time for the underused vessels to replace it. These surgeries are usually referred to a board-certified veterinary surgeon.

What You Need to Know About Turmeric for Dogs

By
Debby McMullen, CDBC
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Tumeric for dogs is purported to have many health benefits.
This dog’s food consists of raw rabbit meat, turmeric, Credit: Giordano Cipriani | Getty Imagessprouts, blackberries, hemp oil, and goat’s milk, among other things. You might be better off mixing a little turmeric into your dog’s regular food.

Is turmeric good for dogs? I have given turmeric to past dogs, and I take it myself for arthritis. I can attest that it helps me tremendously. But I never did a deep dive until now.

First, what is turmeric exactly? It’s a golden colored spice derived from the turmeric root, a tropical plant native to Asia that is related to ginger. The interest in it as a supplement is its anti-inflammatory properties. The heavy lifting in this equation is done by curcumin, the phytonutrient found in turmeric. There are a whole host of health benefits attributed to turmeric including arthritis relief, skin itching reduction as well as functioning as a digestive aid. A study published in Science Direct gave it a thumbs up for use in dogs:  “The results would suggest that curcumin offers a complementary anti-inflammatory support for OA (osteoarthritis) treatment in dogs.”

Indeed, studies do show that curcumin may support healthy joint mobility and comfort. This fact has resulted in some dog food manufacturers including turmeric as an ingredient. However, the limited quantity of such within the kibble formulas are unlikely to be sufficient to provide an adequate anti-inflammatory benefit. Look for supplements for that benefit instead.

Is Turmeric Safe for Dogs?

In general, yes, turmeric is safe for dogs, although anyone can have an adverse reaction to anything so, discuss starting your dog on turmeric with your veterinarian first. This is especially important if your dog is on any other type of medication and/or supplements. Being proactive is always wise.

How Much Turmeric Should I Give My Dog?

In general, the recommended dosing schedule for turmeric is 15 mg–20 mg per pound of body weight, which is about 1/8 to 1/4 teaspoon for every 10 pounds of body weight. This is the daily dose starting point. All supplements should be started small to gauge digestive system tolerance. From there, if all goes well, you can increase a bit. A large dog could work their way up to a tablespoon per day.

Dr. Doug English, an Australian veterinarian recommends what he calls a “Golden Paste” for dogs. His recipe for his Golden Paste has a strong following.  I have always simply used human-grade supplements and broken down the amount in the bottle by the dog’s weight.

Turmeric Is Not Cheap

Turmeric supplements are not inexpensive so a word to the wise, buy the best quality supplement that you can afford and watch for sales. It’s important to note that purchasing the type that already includes black pepper helps to assure maximum absorption of the key ingredients that provide those magical attributes. It is also recommended that you combine the dose with healthy fat, which can easily be done with a meal.

My dogs have always taken their turmeric supplements at a meal, as do I. If you use capsule supplements, you can administer them in the same manner that you administer any pills to your dogs. I have simply buried them in soft foods (I feed a raw diet as well as a cooked diet). Please do be careful, though, because if your dog bites into the capsule but does not consume it, you may be cleaning orange powder off of everything close for some time. Ask me how I know.

So, turmeric for dogs is indeed safe as well as possibly being beneficial. All in all, it’s not a bad idea to give it a go! As always, consult your veterinarian to be certain it won’t interfere with any other medications or supplements your dog is currently taking.

Can Dogs Eat Salt? Understanding Sodium and Safety

By
Dan Muse
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Excessive salt is bad for dogs, and you should be wary when you share salty foods with them.
French fries are usually loaded with salt, so sharing them with your dog is not a good idea.

When it comes to salt, our dogs aren’t that much different from us. Just as we need sodium in our diets for maintaining a balance of body fluids, allowing nerves and muscles to function properly, and regulating blood pressure, so do our dogs.

However, the line between necessary and dangerous salt levels is particularly thin for canines. “While salt is a normal part of any diet in small amounts, excessive salt can be very dangerous for dogs,” according to Michael Hyder, medical director, VEG ER for Pets in Palo Alto, Calif.

What Do Low-Sodium Labels Mean?

The real issue isn’t salt itself, but the excess of it. It’s important for owners to note that when choosing commercial products: “While there are definitions established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration regarding sodium for human foods, there are none for pet foods or pet treats. Therefore, pet treats or foods that claim to be ‘low sodium’ may or may not actually be low enough in sodium for your pet,” according to experts at Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine.

Salt Toxicity: The Symptoms of Salt Poisoning

Excessive salt intake can cause a condition called hypernatremia, or salt poisoning, which occurs when the sodium levels in the bloodstream become too high. This can disrupt cellular function and affect major organs, especially the brain.

Symptoms of salt toxicity in dogs may include the following, according to Dr. Hyder:

  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Excessive thirst or urination
  • Lethargy or confusion
  • Muscle tremors
  • Seizures
  • In severe cases, coma or death

Understanding the Danger of Salt

Understanding the fine line between the sodium required for healthy bodily functions and the toxic levels found in many human foods is the key to keeping your canine companion safe.

“The total amount of daily salt that is safe for dogs is based on their weight, underlying health problems, and complicating factors like access to water, so this will vary from one dog to another,” according to Dr. Amy Fox, a New York-based veterinarian. “In general, serious signs of toxicity will occur when dogs ingest about 2 grams of salt per kilogram [or about 2.2 pounds] of body weight, but at lower doses, toxicity can occur if any complicating factors are present. A gram of salt is about 1/6 of a teaspoon.

“Foods that are very salty should be avoided for all dogs, and especially for dogs with health problems like heart disease and kidney disease,” says Dr. Fox. “Salt can be a serious problem when dogs ingest large amounts of it accidentally in food, inedible items like homemade play dough—or salt dough—or if they ingest forms of salt that contain other ingredients besides sodium and chloride, such as ice melt, which may be toxic.”

What To Do If Your Dog Consumes Salt?

Your dog just scarfed down a bunch of french fries! Now what?

“If you suspect your dog has eaten a salty food or product, especially something like rock salt, salt dough, or brine,” Dr. Hyder says it’s important to act quickly.

  1. Do not induce vomiting at home, unless specifically instructed by a veterinarian.
  2. Call your veterinarian or a pet poison hotline right away. (You can reach the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center at 888-426-4435.)
  3. Monitor your dog for signs of toxicity, especially neurological symptoms or extreme thirst.

Understanding sodium is about balance. One key to prevention is ensuring your dog always has fresh, unrestricted access to water—a critical defense mechanism that helps the body process and excrete excess sodium safely.

Think You Know Your Salt?

Do you know the answers to common questions about sodium? As a dog owner, it’s important that you do. As a fun to test (or improve)  your knowledge, take the “Are You Sodium Savy Quiz,” compiled by Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine.

 

The Best Cognitive Dog Toys

By
Jae Thomas, CPDT-KA
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The best cognitive dog toys combine an engaging puzzle with toughness.
The best cognitive dog toys encourage your dog to think while stimulating natural canine behaviors. Credit: Jae Thomas

Whether you have a high-energy dog who needs a little extra daily activity or an older dog who needs low-impact mental stimulation, cognitive dog toys are a great way to work your dog’s brain indoors. Having a selection of interactive dog toys on hand will keep your furry friend from getting bored when you need to work or when the weather outside isn’t the best for a walk or play session.

What is a Cognitive Dog Toy?

There are many different types of interactive dog toys, but the best toys for your dog’s cognition have a problem-solving component and encourage natural canine behaviors like foraging, playing, licking, and chasing. Think food-dispensing toys that your dog can bat around and chase to get food out, a puzzle toy that requires your dog to think about how to earn the food inside, or a snuffle mat that encourages sniffing.

Studies have shown that cognitive or stimulating dog enrichment toys can have a positive impact on dogs’ behavior. Appropriate interactive dog toys can increase your dog’s activity levels, reduce unwanted behaviors, and may even offer a calming effect.

Traits We Want in the Best Cognitive Dog Toys

Problem-solving or instinct-encouraging design: The best cognitive dog toys should require your dog to engage in some kind of problem solving or instinctual behavior. We like options that encourage licking, sniffing, chasing, and making your dog work to access their food. The best stimulating dog toy for your dog will depend on which of these behaviors they find the most enriching.

Ease of use and cleaning: Most cognitive dog toys involve your dog working for their food, so they should be easy to clean between uses. Bonus points for toys that are dishwasher safe.

Durability: Because many cognitive dog toys encourage dogs to directly interact with them with their nose, mouth, and/or paws, they should be durable enough to stand up to regular play.

The Best Cognitive Dog Toys

Whole Dog Journal RatingProduct and MakerPriceNotes
Lickimat Classic Soother$9This classic calming lick mat is a great option for dogs who need to decompress through licking. The soft bristles hold peanut butter, wet dog food, and other spreadable treats well and the simple pattern reduces the likelihood of frustration.
Pet Parents Forage Snuffle Mat & Slow Feeder Dog Bowl$17This snuffle mat is a great option for dogs who enjoy sniffing and foraging for their food. The dense fabric sections offer plenty of places to hide kibble and the whole snuffle mat can be machine washed between uses to keep it clean.
Arf Pets Dog Treat Dispenser$60This electronic interactive dog toy encourages problem solving, memory skills, and movement—perfect for cold, rainy, or hot days indoors. Teach your dog to press the wireless button to be rewarded remotely via the treat dispenser.
Outward Hound by Nina Ottosson Dog Hide N' Slide Treat Puzzle$23This entry-level puzzle toy is great for puppies and adult dogs alike. It features no loose parts so chewers can safely enjoy this option. Just hide food in the compartments and watch as your dog snuffles, slides, and scoots puzzle pieces around to access their reward.
Kong Wobbler$21 for size small, $25 for largeThe Kong Wobbler is a favorite for dogs who like to chase and pounce on things as the rolling and wobbling motion of this toy will activate your pup’s natural prey drive. Fill it with food to make mealtime more like playtime.

Best Cognitive Dog Toy for Decompression: LickiMat Classic Soother

Lickimats are a classic, safe, and useful cognitive dog toy.
Lick mats, like the LickiMat Classic Soother shown here, make great cognitive toys for dogs who get easily overstimulated or could use some decompression time. Credit: Jae Thomas

Voted the best lick mat in our best dog lick mats roundup, the Lickimat Classic Soother is the best cognitive dog toy for pups who could benefit from decompression time. Licking is naturally soothing for dogs and the soft bristles on this lick mat offer lots of nooks and crannies for canned dog food, raw dog food, or soft treats like peanut butter and yogurt.

For dogs who are easily overstimulated, the LickiMat Classic Soother offers mental stimulation in a calmer, more relaxing way and is unlikely to cause frustration. This is also a solid enrichment toy option to extend mealtimes and slow quick eaters down. Toss it on the top rack of your dishwasher for easy cleanup after use.

Best Cognitive Dog Toy for Scent-Oriented Dogs: Pet Parents Forager Snuffle Mat & Slow Feeder Dog Bowl

For dogs who like to use their noses, snuffle mats provide great mental stimulation. Credit: Jae Thomas

If you have a dog who constantly has their nose to the ground (looking at you, scent hounds), the Pet Parents Forager Snuffle Mat & Slow Feeder Dog Bowl is one of the best ways to let them engage their nose at mealtime. This option was named the winner of our best snuffle mat story, and it remains a good option for most dogs.

Just sprinkle dry dog food or treats into the mat and hide them in the soft, dense material. You can also pull the drawstring cord to add an extra challenge. Dogs have to use their noses to find the food which can increase their desire to eat while also preventing them from eating too fast and gulping down large amounts of food. Since the food stays contained in the mat, this is a more mess-free choice than true scatter feeding. It’s also machine-washable for easy cleaning.

Best Electronic Cognitive Dog Toy: Arf Pets Dog Treat Dispenser

Electronics and cognitive dog toys are a great game for dogs.
The Arf Pets Dog Treat Dispenser can turn training and mealtimes into a stimulating game of hide-and-seek. Credit: Jae Thomas

Though the Arf Pets Dog Treat Dispenser wasn’t the top pick as a remote reward device, it’s a fabulous option for training-savvy dogs to get some indoor exercise and mental stimulation.

When the wireless button is pressed, the device dispenses dog treats, so you can train your dog to press a button, then run to the device to get their reward. As your dog gets the hang of the game, you can place the button and the device further and further apart, so your dog walks (or runs) back and forth from the button to the device. Some people can even place the button and the device in different rooms depending on how well their dog learns the game.

This toy is great for your dog’s cognition as it incorporates training, memory, and movement. Because this toy can be quite stimulating, especially for food-motivated dogs, keep it tucked away in a closet or cabinet when not in use.

Best Dog Puzzle Toy: Outward Hound by Nina Ottosson Dog Hide N’ Slide Treat Puzzle

Cognitive dog toys like puzzle toys can provide dogs with mental stimulation.
Puzzle toys, like the Outward Hound by Nina Ottosson Dog Hide N’ Slide Treat Puzzle, teach dogs to think their way to accessing tasty treats. Credit: Jae Thomas

The Outward Hound by Nina Ottosson Dog Hide N’ Slide Treat Puzzle is a top pick for dog puzzle toys because it doesn’t have any removable pieces. Though you should always supervise your dog with cognitive toys, this puzzle is the best choice for young puppies and dogs who are prone to chewing or ingesting their toys.

Simply add dog treats, kibble, or even canned dog food to the holes in the puzzle, and slide the moving pieces over the holes to cover up the food. Your dog will sniff, nudge, and paw their way to a reward, teaching them valuable problem-solving skills and slowing mealtimes down for fast eaters.

Best Food Dispensing Cognitive Dog Toy: Kong Wobbler

A cognitive dog toy like the KONG treat dispenser is great for dogs who like to move.
The Kong Wobbler is a great cognitive dog toy for pups who like to chase, pounce, and retrieve. Credit: Jae Thomas

The Kong Wobbler was one of the first toys I bought for my rescue dog, Miso, when I brought her home. Though she didn’t know how to play with toys, this one was a quick hit. Just fill it with your dog’s normal dry food (or small treats if they don’t eat dry food) and watch as they bat the Wobbler around, chasing it, pouncing on it, and retrieving the food pieces that fall out of the hole.

This is a useful toy for kibble fed dogs, since the small version holds ½ cup of dry food, and the large size holds one cup of food (though in my experience, you can definitely fit more than the one cup the manufacturer suggests).

The Why and How of a Dog Swollen Cheek Gland

By
Kate Basedow, LVT
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0
A dog's swollen cheek gland is usually a salivary gland, and needs treatment.
If your dog has a swollen cheek or infected salivary exam, your veterinarian will start with a thorough exam of the mouth area, inside and out.

A swollen salivary gland can cause swelling and possibly discomfort in a variety of locations around your dog’s head and neck. Treatment often requires surgery to remove the damaged gland, but dogs usually do well once they have healed.

 

Dog Salivary Glands

Dogs have eight salivary glands arranged in pairs with four on each side of their faces. The sublingual glands are under the tongue, the parotid glands are at the base of each ear, the zygomatic glands are under the eyes, and the mandibular glands are at the back of the lower jaw.

The purpose of these glands is to produce saliva that lubricates the mouth and throat and starts the digestive process.

Causes of a Swollen Salivary Gland

Salivary glands can become swollen if they are damaged. Damage to a gland causes saliva to leak out and pool in the surrounding tissues, which irritates those tissues and can then cause more damage to the gland. This cycle will continue indefinitely, and the swelling gets worse over time.

Often, we don’t know why or how a salivary gland has been damaged, but potential causes include:

  • Bite wounds
  • Trauma from chewing on sticks or other sharp objects
  • Choke collars
  • Trauma from being jerked by the neck
  • Trauma from stretching or twisting the neck abruptly
  • Bacterial infection (often from a wound, but possibly blood-borne)
  • Sialoliths, or stones forming within the gland
  • Salivary gland tumors (benign or cancerous)

Swollen Salivary Gland Symptoms

Swelling is the most common symptom for all salivary gland ailments. The location of the swelling will vary based on which gland(s) is affected. Sublingual glands cause swelling within the mouth and throat, the zygomatic glands cause swelling on the cheek under the eye, and the parotid and mandibular glands cause swelling around the lower jaw and upper neck.

Severe swelling of the sublingual, parotid, or submandibular glands may block your dog’s throat and cause difficulty swallowing or breathing. These symptoms are an emergency and require immediate veterinary care.

Sialocele or salivary mucocele is the swelling and pooled saliva from a damaged salivary gland. Swelling is usually the only symptom, and the area is soft to the touch and not painful.

Sialadenitis is inflammation and infection of the salivary gland. A dog with sialadenitis may be painful, have trouble eating and drinking, and drool excessively.

Sialoliths are calcified stones that can form within the salivary glands and then block salivary ducts. These stones are painful and may also cause difficulty eating and drinking.

Salivary gland tumors can be benign or malignant. Sublingual gland tumors are the most likely to be cancerous, although this cancer is not common. A dog with a salivary gland tumor may be painful, drool excessively, or experience weight loss.

Your veterinarian will make a diagnosis based on:

  • How your dog’s swelling feels upon palpation
  • Any other symptoms of illness that are present
  • Fine-needle aspirate of the swelling
  • Bloodwork
  • X-rays of the head and neck

Treatment

The primary treatment for a dog salivary gland infection or swollen cheek gland is surgery to remove the damaged gland. Draining the swollen area can provide temporary relief, but the swelling almost always returns. Your dog will also receive antibiotics if she has an infection.

Most vets recommend a referral to a specialist for surgery. This is because there are many nerves, blood vessels, and muscles around each of the salivary glands, and removal is a delicate procedure that requires expertise and specialized equipment.

The surgeon may place a drain in the surgical site to allow drainage of all fluids in the area for a few days after surgery. This can be messy but speeds up the healing process and decreases the risk of infection.

Most dogs have an excellent prognosis and thrive after surgery.

Best Allergy Supplement Ingredients for Dogs

By
Dr. Mary Cope, PhD
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5
A brown and white dog aggressively chewing at his paw.
: Allergies are as frustrating for your dog as they are for you. Working with your veterinarian to get the them under control can help you find relief.. Credit: Suphameth Jaruthaninphong | Getty Photos

Just like humans, dogs can suffer from allergies that cause discomfort, itching, and even chronic health issues if not addressed properly. Dog allergies are surprisingly common and can stem from a wide range of environmental, contact, and dietary triggers. Fortunately, with the right combination of veterinary care, medications, and supportive supplements, many dogs can live comfortable, itch-free lives. Understanding the causes and symptoms of canine allergies, your treatment options, and the available supplements and functional ingredients is the first step toward getting your dog’s allergies under control.

What Are Dog Allergies?

To start, it is important to understand what an allergy is. An allergy occurs when your dog’s immune system overreacts to a substance, called an allergen, what is typically harmless. When exposed to the allergen, the immune system releases chemicals to attack it, causing an inflammatory reaction in your dog that can present as itchiness, skin rashes, ear infections, footpad irritation, and more. Allergies in dogs can be triggered by a variety of factors, but there are four main types of allergies commonly observed in dogs:

Environmental Allergies (Atopy) are triggered by allergens such as pollen, grasses, mold, dust mites, and more. Environmental allergies are common in dogs, with estimates that between 10% to 15% of dogs are affected by them. Dogs with atopy often have seasonal symptoms that worsen during certain times of the year, often during spring and summer when pollen levels are highest.

Flea Allergy Dermatitis (FAD) is caused by an allergic reaction to flea saliva and is one of the most common allergic skin diseases in dogs. It’s responsible for the vast majority of allergic skin diseases where fleas are prevalent. It does not require an infestation for dogs to exhibit symptoms and even a single flea bite can trigger intense itching in sensitive dogs. Proper preventative flea and tick medication is important for keeping these pesky parasites from setting up shop on your pet.

Contact Allergies occur when a dog’s skin reacts to substances it touches, such as shampoos, cleaning agents, or adhesives. My dog is allergic to the adhesives in medical tape and will have an almost immediate reaction when exposed. If you notice a substance is causing a reaction on your pet, immediately stop its use and avoid exposing your pet to other similar products.

Food Allergies are a reaction to a substance, most often to a protein, in a dog’s diet. Proteins in animal products are the most common allergens for dogs, including beef, dairy, chicken, lamb, and egg. Food allergies often result in itchy skin and digestive issues, such as chronic vomiting and diarrhea. If you suspect food allergies in your pet, talk to your vet about a diet change or running an elimination diet trial to identify the allergen.

Dog allergy symptoms can manifest differently depending on both the type of allergen and the individual dog’s sensitivity. However, the most common signs of allergies in dogs include excessive itching and scratching of the paws, ears, and belly, licking or chewing of the paws, red, inflamed, or irritated skin, chronic ear infections, watery eyes or nasal discharge, and digestive issues. If you notice any combination of these symptoms that persist for linger than a few days, it is best to schedule an appointment with your veterinarian. Chronic allergies can worsen over time and may lead to secondary infections if left untreated.

How to Diagnose Allergies in Dogs

Diagnosing allergies in dogs can be a challenge since many symptoms often overlap with other conditions. Depending on the suspected allergy type, diagnostic testing may include skin scrapings and cytology to rule out mites or bacterial/fungal infections, an elimination diet trial to rule out food allergens, or allergy testing using blood tests or intradermal skin tests to help pinpoint potential environmental allergens. A proper diagnosis allows for more targeted treatment for your pet.

Treatment depends largely on the underlying cause of your dog’s allergy and its severity. While some allergies cannot be completely cures, symptoms can often be managed effectively through a combination of medications, environmental changes, supplements, and supportive care.

Allergy Medicines for Dogs

Over-the-counter antihistamines like Benadryl may be used under veterinary guidance. These may help to reduce itching and inflammation by blocking histamine release, although their effectiveness varies from dog to dog. For more severe allergic reactions, your veterinarian may prescribe corticosteroids such as prednisone or hydrocortisone to quickly reduce inflammation and itching.

While these medications can be effective, they are typically only for short-term use due to potential side effects like increased thirst, urination, and immune suppression. Medications such as Apoquel and Cytopoint injections work to improve the symptoms of allergies in dogs by interfering with the inflammation pathways of the immune system responsible for causing itchiness. These medications often offer fast-acting, long-term relief for dogs with chronic allergies.

Best Allergy Supplement Ingredients for Dogs

In addition to prescribed treatments, many pet owners look for supplements to support their dog’s health. These supplements are not a replacement for veterinary care for dogs with severe allergies, but they can help support your dog’s immune system, reduce inflammation, and improve skin health, and they may be enough to help pets with mild allergy symptoms.

Omega-3 fatty acids—particularly EPA and DHA—help reduce inflammation, support healthy skin, and strengthen the skin barrier. Fish oil supplements like salmon or sardines are commonly recommended for dogs with allergies. Marine microalgal oil also has a wonderful omega fatty acid profile and is growing in the pet space.

Quercetin, often referred to as “nature’s Benadryl,” is a natural flavonoid with anti-inflammatory and antihistamine properties. It can help to reduce itching and swelling without the drowsiness associated with typical antihistamine medications.

Turmeric, which contains the compound curcumin, is a powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. This can help soothe inflammation associated with allergies. However, be careful when adding it to things like a Kong or Toppl, as it can stain couches, clothing, and carpeting yellow if your dog decides to enjoy their turmeric treat in a less-than-ideal location.

Bovine colostrum may also help, as it contains immune-modulating compounds that may help to reduce allergic reactions. It supports healthy immune balance and hay help dogs develop a higher tolerance to allergens over time.

Probiotics support gut health, which is closely linked to immune function. Look for Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains, which have been shown to support digestive and immune health. A balanced gut microbiome can help to reduce allergic responses, especially in dogs with food sensitivities or digestive issues. For dogs with food allergies or sensitivities, digestive enzymes cay also helps to break down proteins and carbohydrates more efficiently, reducing the risk of immune reactions to undigested material.

When choosing an allergy supplement, it is important to read ingredient labels carefully. Look for high-quality, evidence-backed ingredients that target inflammation, skin health, and immune balance. Some ingredients to look for include, omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA), quercetin, probiotics, colostrum, vitamin E, zinc, turmeric or curcumin, and flaxseed oil. Always consult your veterinarian before adding a new supplement, especially if your dog is on other medications.

Dog allergies can be frustrating for both dogs and their owners, but with proper diagnosis, treatment, and support, many dogs can live comfortably. Managing allergies often requires a multi-faceted approach that includes identifying the allergen, prescription medications for immediate relief, and dietary supplements for long-term support. By working with your vet and finding a high-quality supplement, you can help your dog find lasting relief and a healthier, happier life.

Does My Dog Have Eye Melanoma?

By
Dr. Debra M. Eldredge, DVM
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0
Dog eye melanoma is something that only an optometrist can diagnose.
If you see something in your dog’s eye, a trip to the veterinarian is in order. If it turns out to be melanoma, the sooner it’s diagnosed, the better. Credit: Morsa Images | Getty Images

Even the idea that your dog may have melanoma is upsetting. Symptoms of melanoma in your dog’s eye may begin like any eye problem with signs of pain, like squinting, tearing, or rubbing the face. You may notice redness in your dog’s eye or suspect vision loss.

If you also see discoloration in your dog’s iris, a growth along the scleral/corneal junction, or a dark spot near his eye, it could be early-stage dog melanoma. If so, don’t wait. See your veterinarian for a diagnosis to determine if it’s malignant or benign.

Melanoma in a Dog’s Eye

Melanomas result from tumors of the melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. In the eye, that means cells from the uvea (the iris, ciliary body, and choroid) or cells from the limbus (border between the cornea and the sclera). Much less common are small melanomas on the eyelid or the conjunctiva. Uveal melanomas are the most common eye tumor in dogs.

Fortunately, over 80% of these ocular melanomas are benign, and that designation means few will metastasize to other locations in your dog’s body. Unfortunately, these tumors, especially the uveal ones, even though benign, can expand locally and cause visual problems, including secondary glaucoma or blindness.

What Does Melanoma Look Like in a Dog’s Eye?

Early on, uveal tumors are flat, black or brown masses on the iris. They can be difficult to distinguish from iris nevi or freckles on the iris at this early stage. (Eventually, these become slightly raised if they are melanomas.)

A veterinary ophthalmologist using transillumination (a diagnostic test that involves shining a bright light through the tissues) can usually tell them apart at this early stage. Your veterinarian can track these discolorations. If there is growth, it is a uveal melanoma. Taking photos to track changes is ideal. That is the best way to catch malignant melanomas early on.

What Dogs Are at Increased Risk for Melanoma?

Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, and German Shepherd Dogs have increased risk for uveal melanomas, but these tumors can appear in any breed and either sex. Most dogs are older, with 9 years being the median age. Cocker Spaniels, Poodle mixes, and Poodles have an increased risk of eyelid melanomas.

How Is Dog Eye Melanoma Diagnosed?

A diagnosis of ocular melanomas depends primarily on observation. Examination by a veterinary ophthalmologist can often give you a definitive diagnosis. A slit lamp and/or gonioscope provide more accuracy on location and stage than a simple ophthalmoscope. Lymph node aspirates may be recommended to look for any metastasis as well as X-rays of the chest. Intraocular pressure will be measured to check for glaucoma. Ocular ultrasound can be helpful.

Some melanomas may cause uveitis (a serious inflammation) of the eye or even glaucoma. Those situations become emergencies. Glaucoma is a serious side effect that often shows up even from the benign version of this cancer. The eye will often be red, though the cornea may be opaque. Glaucoma is extremely painful. It can sometimes be managed medically if caught early, but if it is secondary to cancer, the ideal option is enucleation (removal of the eye).

Treatment for Melanoma in a Dog’s Eye

Treatment varies with the extent of the melanoma and whether it appears to be malignant. The goal of treatment is to preserve as much vision as possible and relieve pain.

Laser is often the first treatment of choice. This can be used on all the various ocular melanomas from eyelids to iris. This should only be done by an experienced veterinarian to prevent any side effects and preserve as much vision as possible. Cryotherapy may also be used for small or external melanomas such as eyelid growths.

The melanoma vaccine (approved for oral melanomas) has not been tested or shown to be effective for ocular melanomas at this time.

The primary method of treatment currently is surgery. With the possible exception of eyelid growths, intraocular surgery should be done by a veterinary ophthalmologist. Surgery most often means removal of the eye itself. Enucleation can often be done by your regular veterinarian. Obviously, this means total loss of vision, but dogs tend to adapt to loss of an eye quickly, especially if the other eye is normal.

A friend’s Australian Shepherd had to have an eye removed. She felt much better afterward, presumably because the pain was gone. She became more active, her appetite improved, and she was happy to participate in her favorite dog sports. She continues to participate in performance events, including Barn Hunt, scent work, and Rally.

A study out of Iran offers a new potential treatment and hope for dogs with malignant ocular melanomas. This was only one case, but the results are positive. Electrochemotherapy was done following surgical removal of a malignant mass. It can be difficult to get clear margins with the limited space in the ocular orbit. Electrochemotherapy uses electronic fields with chemotherapy drugs to increase the effectiveness of the chemotherapy. Again, only one dog, but as of seven months post op, the dog was doing great and had no signs of recurrence. This study also fits the One Health aspect of veterinary medicine as this technique may offer a new treatment plan for people with ocular melanomas.

Can Melanoma Be Prevented in a Dog?

Can you prevent this cancer? Not really. For the breeds that appear to have a genetic predisposition, avoiding using any dog with an ocular melanoma for breeding would be ideal, or at a minimum, don’t double up on dogs with the problem. With a tumor that shows up later in life, many dogs will have already been bred before the tumor becomes obvious.

A genetic test may one day be possible. Fourteen genes have been identified in people that can differentiate between benign and malignant ocular melanomas. Out of those 14, four have been noted in a limited canine study. These could be genetic markers for the future. If studies bear this out, genetic testing might be recommended for dogs at risk, both as pets and as potential breeding dogs.

While there does not seem to be a connection between UV light exposure and ocular melanomas at this time, keeping your dog out of bright sunlight makes sense for other potential ocular health problems such as pannus.

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